1 FUNDAMENTAL OF MEASUREMENTS

1.1 Introduction

1.2 General Measurement System

1.3 Experimental Test Plan

1.4 Calibration

1.5 Standards

1.6 Presenting Data

1.7 Loading Effects

1.8 Applications of Measurement Systems

Summary

Nomenclature

References

Problems

2 STATIC AND DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SIGNALS

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Input/Output Signal Concepts

2.3 Signal Analysis

2.4 Signal Amplitude and Frequency

2.5 Fourier Transform and the Frequency Spectrum

Summary

References

Suggested Reading

Nomenclature,

Problems

3 MEASUREMENT SYSTEM BEHAVIOR

3.1 Introduction,

3.2 General Model for a Measurement System

3.3 Special Cases of the General System Model

3.4 Transfer Functions

3.5 Phase Linearity

3.6 Multiple-Function Inputs

3.7 Coupled Systems

Summary

References

Nomenclature

Subscripts

Problems

4 PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Statistical Measurement Theory

4.3 Describing the Behavior of a Population

4.4 Statistics of Finite-Sized Data Sets

4.5 Hypothesis Testing

4.6 Chi-Squared Distribution

4.7 Regression Analysis

4.8 Data Outlier Detection

4.9 Number of Measurements Required

4.10 Monte Carlo Simulations

4.11. Maximum Likelihood Theory

Summary

References

Nomenclature

Problems

5 ERRORS AND UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Measurement Errors

5.3 Design-Stage Uncertainty Analysis

5.4 Identifying Error Sources

5.5 Systematic and Random Errors and Standard Uncertainties

5.6 Uncertainty Analysis: Multi-Variable Error Propagation

5.7 Advanced-Stage Uncertainty Analysis

5.8 Multiple-Measurement Uncertainty Analysis

5.9 Correction for Correlated Errors

5.10 Nonsymmetrical Systematic Uncertainty Interval

Summary

References

Nomenclature

Problems

6 ANALOG ELECTRICAL DEVICES AND MEASUREMENTS

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Analog Devices: Current Measurements

6.3 Analog Devices: Voltage Measurements

6.4 Analog Devices: Resistance Measurements

6.5 Loading Errors and Impedance Matching

6.6 Analog Signal Conditioning: Amplifiers

6.7 Analog Signal Conditioning: Special-Purpose Circuits

6.8 Analog Signal Conditioning: Filters,

6.9 Grounds, Shielding, and Connecting Wires

Summary

References

Nomenclature

Problems

7 SAMPLING, DIGITAL DEVICES, AND DATA ACQUISITION

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Sampling Concepts

7.3 Digital Devices: Bits and Words

7.4 Transmitting Digital Numbers: High and Low Signals

7.5 Voltage Measurements

7.6 Data Acquisition Systems

7.7 Data Acquisition System Components

7.8 Analog Input-Output Communication

7.9 Digital Input-Output Communication

7.10 Digital Image Acquisition and Processing

Summary

References

Nomenclature

Problems

8 TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Temperature Standards and Definition

8.3 Thermometry Based on Thermal Expansion

8.4 Electrical Resistance Thermometry

8.5 Thermoelectric Temperature Measurement

8.6 Radiative Temperature Measurements

8.7 Physical Errors in Temperature Measurement,

Summary

References

Suggested Reading

Nomenclature

Problems

9 PRESSURE AND VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Pressure Concepts

9.3 Pressure Reference Instruments

9.4 Elastic Pressure Transducers

9.5 Pressure Transducer Calibration

9.6 Pressure Measurements in Moving Fluids

9.7 Modeling Pressure-Fluid Systems

9.8 Design and Installation: Transmission Effects

9.9 Acoustical Measurements

9.10 Fluid Velocity Measuring Systems

Summary

References

Nomenclature

Problems

10 FLOWMEASUREMENTS

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Historical Background

10.3 Flow Rate Concepts

10.4 Volume Flow Rate through Velocity Determination

10.5 Pressure Differential Meters

10.6 Insertion Volume Flow Meters

10.7 Mass Flow Meters

10.8 Flow Meter Calibration and Standards

10.9 Estimating Standard Flow Rate

Summary

References

Nomenclature

Problems

11 STRAIN MEASUREMENT

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Stress and Strain

11.3 Resistance Strain Gauges

11.4 Strain Gauge Electrical Circuits

11.5 Practical Considerations for Strain Measurement

11.6 Apparent Strain and Temperature Compensation

11.7 Optical Strain Measuring Techniques

Summary

References

Nomenclature

Problems

12 MECHATRONICS: SENSORS, ACTUATORS, AND CONTROLS

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Sensors

12.3 Actuators

12.4 Controls

Summary

References

Nomenclature

Problems

A PROPERTY DATA AND CONVERSION FACTORS

B LAPLACE TRANSFORM BASICS

B.1 Final Value Theorem

B.2 Laplace Transform Pairs

C Standard Normal Table

Reference

GLOSSARY

INDEX