Introduction 3

Problems of Knowledge
01. The Brain in a vat 4
02. Plato's cave 8
03. The veil of perception 12
04. Cogito ergo sum 18
05. Reason and experience 20
06. The tripartite theory of knowledge 24

Mind Matters
07. The mind-body problem 28
08. What is it like to be a bat? 32
09. The Turing test 36
10. The ship of Theseus 40
11. Other minds 44

Ethics
12. Hume's guillotine 48
13. One man's meat… 52
14. The divine command theory 58
15. The boo/hoorah theory 60
16. Ends and means 64
17. The experience machine 68
18. The categorical imperative 72
19. The golden rule 76
20. Acts and omissions 80
21. Slippery slopes 84
22. Beyond the call of duty 88
23. Is it bad to be unlucky? 92
24. Virtue ethics 96

Animal Rights
25. Do animals feel pain? 100
26. Do animals have rights? 184

Logic and Meaning
27. Forms of argument 108
28. The barber paradox 112
29. The gambler's fallacy 116
30. The sorites paradox 120
31. The king of France is bald 124
32. The beetle in the box 128

Science
33. Science and pseudoscience 132
34. Paradigm shifts 136
35. Occam's razor 140

Aesthetics
36. What is art? 144
37. The intentional fallacy 148

Religion
38. The argument from design 152
39. The cosmological argument 156
40. The ontological argument 160
41. The problem of evil 164
42. The freewill defence 168
43. Faith and reason 172

Politics, Justice and Society
44. Positive and negative freedom 176
45. The difference principle 180
46. Leviathan 184
47. The prisoner's dilemma 188
48. Theories of punishment 192
49. Lifeboat Earth 196
50. Just war 200

Glossary 204
Index 208