1. Benefits and Risks Associated With Physical Activity 1
Introduction 1
Physical Activity and Fitness Terminology 1
Public Health Perspective for Current Recommendations 4
Sedentary Behavior and Health 7
Health Benefits of Regular Physical Activity and Exercise 9
Health Benefits of Improving Muscular Fitness 10
Risks Associated With Physical Activity and Exercise 12
Exercise-Related Musculoskeletal Injury 12
Sudden Cardiac Death Among Young Individuals 12
Exercise-Related Cardiac Events in Adults 14
Exercise Testing and the Risk of Cardiac Events 16
Risks of Cardiac Events During Cardiac Rehabilitation 16
Prevention of Exercise-Related Cardiac Events 19
Online Resources 20
References 20
2. Preparticipation Evaluation 28
Introduction 28
Informed Consent 28
Exercise Preparticipation Health Screening 29
American College of Sports Medicine Preparticipation Screening Process 33
American College of Sports Medicine Preparticipation Screening Algorithm 34
Algorithm Components 34
Using the Algorithm 40
Alternative Self-Guided Method 42
Exercise Testing 43
Risk Stratification for individuals With Clinical Conditions and Medical Fitness Facilities 43
Medical History and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor Assessment 45
Additional Recommendations 45
Online Resources 54
References 54
3. Health-Related Physical Fitness Testing and Interpretation 57
Introduction 57
Purposes of Health-Related Physical Fitness Testing 57
Basic Principles and Guidelines 58
Pretest Instructions for Fitness Testing 58
Organizing the Fitness Test 58
Test Environment 58
A Comprehensive Health Fitness Evaluation 59
Measurement of Resting Heart Rate and Blood Pressure 60
Body Composition 62
Anthropometric Methods 62
Densitometry 70
Other Techniques 72
Body Composition Norms 74
Cardiorespiratory Fitness 75
The Concept of Maximal Oxygen Uptake 76
Maximal Versus Submaximal Exercise Testing 77
Cardiorespiratory Fitness Test Sequence and Measures 78
Test Termination Criteria 80
Modes of Testing 81
Submaximal Exercise Tests 89
Interpretation of Results 89
Muscular Fitness 95
Rationale 96
Principles 96
Muscular Strength 97
Muscular Endurance 101
Muscular Power 101
Flexibility 102
Balance 107
Online Resources 109
References 110
4. Clinical Exercise Testing and Interpretation 119
Introduction 119
Indications for a Clinical Exercise Test 119
Conducting the Clinical Exercise Test 121
Testing Staff 123
Testing Mode and Protocol 125
Monitoring and Test Termination 126
Postexercise 131
Safety 132
Interpreting the Clinical Exercise Test 132
Heart Rate Response 132
Blood Pressure Response 133
Rate-Pressure Product 134
Electrocardiogram 134
Dysrhythmias 136
Symptoms 136
Exercise Capacity 136
Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing 139
Gas Exchange Data Sampling 140
Maximal Versus Peak Cardiorespiratory Stress 141
Diagnostic Value of Exercise Testing for the Detection of Ischemic Heart Disease 141
Sensitivity, Specificity, and Predictive Value 141
Clinical Exercise Test Data and Prognosis 143
Clinical Exercise Tests With Imaging 145
Field Walking Tests 146
Online Resources 146
References 146
5. General Principles of Exercise Prescription 151
An Introduction to the Principles of Exercise Prescription 151
General Considerations for Exercise Prescription 152
Components of the Exercise Training Session 153
Sex Difference Considerations for Exercise Prescription and Training 154
Sex Differences in Exercise Performance 154
Sex Differences in Response to Exercise Training 156
Resistance Strength Training and High-Intensity interval Training 156
Cardiovascular and Aerobic Endurance Training 156
Sex Differences in Body Weight Responses to Aerobic Exercise Training 157
Other Sex-Based Special Considerations 157
Cardiorespiratory Fitness 158
Frequency of Aerobic Exercise 159
Intensity of Aerobic Exercise 160
Time (Duration) of Aerobic Exercise 166
Type (Mode) 166
Volume (Quantity) of Aerobic Exercise 167
Progression of Aerobic Exercise 169
Resistance Training 169
Frequency of Resistance Training Exercise 170
Intensity of Resistance Training Exercise 172
Time (Rest Periods of Resistance Training Exercises) 174
Types of Resistance Training Exercises 174
Volume of Resistance Training Exercise 177
Progression of Resistance Training Exercise 178
Flexibility 182
Types of Flexibility Exercises 185
Volume of Flexibility Exercise (Time, Repetitions, and Frequency) 185
Alternatives to Stretching to Increase ROM 187
Future Directions 188
References 188
6. Exercise Prescription for Healthy Populations With Special Considerations 201
Children and Adolescents 201
Exercise Testing 202
Exercise Prescription 204
Special Considerations 206
Online Resources 207
Pregnancy 207
Health Screening 208
Exercise Testing 209
Exercise Prescription 211
Special Considerations 215
Online Resources 216
Low Back Pain 216
Exercise Testing 219
Exercise Prescription 220
Special Considerations 220
Online Resources 221
Older Adults 222
Exercise Testing 225
Exercise Prescription 228
Special Considerations for Exercise Programming 233
Online Resources 233
Transgender and Gender Diverse Individuals 234
Medical Interventions 236
Exercise Testing 236
Exercise Prescription 236
Special Considerations 237
Online Resources 237
References 237
7. Environmental Considerations for Exercise Prescription 250
Introduction 250
Exercise in High-Altitude Environments 250
Altitude Acclimatization 252
Rapid Ascent 253
Assessing individual Altitude Acclimatization Status 253
Medical Considerations: Altitude Illnesses and Preexisting Conditions 254
Prevention and Treatment of Altitude Sickness 256
Exercise Prescription 256
Special Considerations 257
Organizational Planning 258
Exercise in Cold Environments 258
Medical Considerations: Cold Injuries 258
Cardiac and Respiratory Considerations 262
Clothing Considerations 263
Exercise Prescription 263
Exercise in Hot Environments 264
Mitigating Risk 266
Medical Considerations: Exertional Heat Illnesses 269
Exercise Prescription 271
Special Considerations 272
References 273
8. Exercise Prescription for Individuals With Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Diseases 278
Introduction 278
Coronary Heart Disease 278
Exercise Testing 278
Exercise Prescription 279
Special Considerations 279
Cardiac Rehabilitation 283
Inpatient Cardiac Rehabilitation 283
Outpatient Cardiac Rehabilitation 285
Continuous Electrocardiographic Monitoring 288
Individuals With History of Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection 288
Exercise Testing 289
Exercise Prescription 289
Special Considerations 289
Chronic Heart Failure 290
Exercise Testing 290
Exercise Prescription 291
Special Considerations 291
Left Ventricular Assist Device 291
Heart Transplantation 292
Exercise Testing 292
Special Considerations 293
Exercise Prescription 293
Sternotomy 294
Special Considerations 295
Pacemaker and Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator 295
Special Considerations 297
Peripheral Arterial Disease 297
Exercise Testing 299
Exercise Prescription 299
Special Considerations 300
Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome 301
Preexercise Assessment 302
Exercise Prescription 302
Special Considerations 304
Pediatric Cardiac Rehabilitation 304
Individuals With a Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke) 307
Exercise Testing 307
Exercise Prescription 308
Exercise Training Considerations 308
Other Considerations 310
Exercise Training for Return to Work 310
Pulmonary Diseases 310
Asthma 311
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 315
Exercise Training for Pulmonary Diseases Other Than Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 322
Respiratory Muscle Testing and Training 329
Online Resources 332
References 332
9. Exercise Prescription for Individuals With Metabolic Disease and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors 348
Introduction 348
Diabetes Mellitus 348
Benefits of Regular Physical Activity for Diabetes 350
Exercise Testing 351
Exercise Prescription 352
Special Considerations 355
Online Resources 358
Dyslipidemia 358
Exercise Testing 359
Exercise Prescription 360
Special Consideration 361
Online Resources 361
Hypertension 361
Exercise Testing 363
Exercise Prescription 364
Special Considerations 366
Online Resources 367
Overweight and Obesity 367
Exercise Testing 369
Exercise Prescription 370
Special Considerations 371
Bariatric Surgery 372
Online Resources 373
Metabolic Syndrome 373
Exercise Testing 375
Exercise Prescription/Special Considerations 375
Online Resources 376
Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease 377
Exercise Testing 378
Exercise Prescription 378
Special Considerations 380
References 380
10. Exercise Testing and Prescription for Populations With Other Chronic Diseases and Health Conditions 389
Introduction 389
Arthritis 389
Exercise Testing 391
Exercise Prescription 391
Special Considerations 394
Online Resources 394
Cancer 395
Overview of Importance of Physical Activity in Cancer Survivors 395
Preparticipation Evaluation 397
Exercise Prescription 398
Summary 406
Online Resources 406
Fibromyalgia 407
Pharmacological Treatment Options 410
Exercise Testing 410
Exercise Prescription 413
Special Considerations 416
Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome 417
Background 417
Diagnosis and Comorbidities 418
Exercise Testing 420
Pacing 421
Exercise Prescription 421
Special Considerations 422
Summary 425
Online Resources 425
Human Immunodeficiency Virus 425
Exercise Testing 426
Exercise Prescription 427
Special Considerations 429
Online Resources 429
Kidney Disease 429
Exercise Testing 431
Exercise Prescription 432
Special Considerations 434
Online Resources 436
Multiple Sclerosis 436
Exercise Testing 439
Exercise Testing Considerations 440
Exercise Prescription 440
Special Considerations 442
Online Resources 443
Osteoporosis 443
Exercise Testing 444
Exercise Prescription 444
Special Considerations 444
Online Resources 446
Spinal Cord Injury 446
Exercise Testing 448
Exercise Prescription 450
Special Considerations 455
Online Resources 457
Multiple Chronic Diseases and Health Conditions 458
Exercise Testing 458
Exercise Prescription 458
Special Considerations 459
References 459
11. Neurologic Diseases, Conditions, and Disorders 481
Introduction 481
Anxiety and Depression 482
Exercise Testing 483
Exercise Prescription 483
Exercise Considerations 484
Special Considerations 487
Future Directions 487
Online Resources 488
Anxiety 488
Depression 488
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder 488
Exercise Testing 490
Exercise Prescription 490
Future Directions 491
Online Resources 492
Autism Spectrum Disorder 492
Exercise Testing 493
Exercise Prescription 495
Exercise Training Considerations 496
Future Directions 496
Online Resources 497
Intellectual Disability and Down Syndrome 498
Exercise Tebout the Seven Buddhas of the Past
Buddha's past lives in the Jataka Tales: true or false? 149
3. Hermes' Love and Jesus' Love with Respect to the Developmental Stages of Love
Love itself is universal, but the difference lies in the viewpoint from which love is taught 152
4. Hermes' Teachings that Zeus Inherited
Zeus inherited the spirit of freedom and encouraged each individual to develop their talents 155
5. King Croud of the Ancient Incan Empire and His Involvement with Space Beings
King Croud rejected the mass immigration of space beings to Earth 157
6. Awakening to the Great Love of God
Not offering the Truth to people who are lost is a sin on our half 160
Plant the seeds of Truth in return for the love you received 162
Afterword 165
About the Author 169
Books 170
Who Is El Cantare? 180
About Happy Science 182
Happy Science's English Sutra 184
Memberships 185
Contact Information 186
About Happiness Realization Party 188
Happy Science Academy Junior and Senior High School 189
Happy Science University 190
About IRH Press USA Inc. 192