Preface xxiii

Acknowledgements xxv

List of Abbreviations xxvii

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Architecture of a Mobile Telecommunication System 1

1.2 History of Mobile Telecommunications 5

1.3 Technologies for 5G 9

1.4 The 3GPP 5G System 13

1.5 Enhanced Mobile Broadband 19

1.6 Massive Machine-type Communications 21

1.7 Ultra-reliable Low-latency Communication 23

2 Architecture of the Core Network 29

2.1 The Evolved Packet Core 29

2.2 The 5G Core Network 31

2.3 Network Areas and Identities 36

2.4 State Diagrams 38

2.5 Network Slicing 39

2.6 Non-3GPP Access to the 5G Core 42

2.7 Signalling Protocols 43

2.8 The Hypertext Transfer Protocol 45

2.9 Example Network Function Services 48

3 Architecture of the Radio Access Network 57

3.1 The Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network 57

3.2 The Next-generation Node B 60

3.3 Architectural Options 62

3.4 Network Areas and Identities 66

3.5 RRC State Diagram 67

3.6 Signalling Protocols 69

3.7 Open Radio Access Networks 71

4 Spectrum, Antennas and Propagation 77

4.1 Radio Spectrum 77

4.2 Antennas and Propagation 79

4.3 Radio Propagation Issues for Millimetre Waves 82

4.4 Multipath, Fading and Coherence 86

5 Digital Signal Processing 93

5.1 Modulation and Demodulation 93

5.2 Radio Transmission in a Mobile Cellular Network 99

5.3 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access 100

5.4 Other Features of OFDMA 107

5.5 Signal-processing Issues for 5G 111

5.6 Error Management 112

6 Multiple-antenna Techniques 117

6.1 Beamforming 117

6.2 Beamforming at the gNB 120

6.3 Beamforming at the Mobile 126

6.4 Beam Management 127

6.5 Spatial Multiplexing 130

6.6 Multiple-user MIMO 133

6.7 Massive MIMO 137

6.8 Single-user MIMO 139

6.9 Multipoint Transmission and Reception 143

7 Architecture of the 5G New Radio 145

7.1 Air Interface Protocol Stack 145

7.2 Frequency Bands and Combinations 152

7.3 Frequency Domain Structure 156

7.4 Time Domain Structure 161

7.5 Multiple Antennas 166

7.6 Data Transmission 167

8 Cell Acquisition 175

8.1 Acquisition Procedure 175

8.2 Resource Mapping 177

8.3 Acquisition of the SS/PBCH Block 180

8.4 System Information 181

9 Random Access 187

9.1 Physical Random Access Channel 187

9.2 Random Access Procedure 190

9.3 Variations on the Random Access Procedure 193

10 Link Adaptation 197

10.1 CSI Reference Signals 197

10.2 Channel State Information 201

10.3 Physical Uplink Control Channel 205

10.4 Sounding 208

11 Data Transmission and Reception 213

11.1 Introduction 213

11.2 Transmission and Reception of the PDCCH 216

11.3 Scheduling Messages 219

11.4 Transmission and Reception of the PUSCH and PDSCH 223

11.5 Reference Signals 226

11.6 Hybrid ARQ Acknowledgements 228

11.7 Related Procedures 230

11.8 Performance of 5G 234

12 Air Interface Layer 2 241

12.1 Medium Access Control 241

12.2 Radio Link Control 245

12.3 Packet Data Convergence Protocol 249

12.4 Service Data Adaptation Protocol 251

13 Registration Procedures 253

13.1 Power-on Sequence 253

13.2 Network and Cell Selection 254

13.3 RRC Connection Establishment 256

13.4 Registration Procedure 258

13.5 Deregistration Procedure 263

14 Security 267

14.1 Security Principles 267

14.2 Network Access Security 268

14.3 Network Access Security Procedures 270

14.4 Network Domain Security 276

14.5 Service-based Architecture Domain Security 278

15 Session Management, Policy and Charging 283

15.1 Types of PDU Session 283

15.2 Quality of Service 285

15.3 Implementation of PDU Sessions 290

15.4 Policy and Charging Control Architecture 295

15.5 PDU Session Management Procedures 298

16 Mobility Management in RRC_CONNECTED 309

16.1 Introduction to RRC_CONNECTED 309

16.2 Measurement Configuration and Reporting 310

16.3 Handover Procedures 315

16.4 Dual Connectivity Procedures 320

16.5 State Transitions out of RRC_CONNECTED 323

17 Mobility Management in RRC_IDLE 329

17.1 Introduction to RRC_IDLE 329

17.2 Cell Reselection Procedures 330

17.3 Registration Updating 333

17.4 State Transitions out of RRC_IDLE 335

18 Mobility Management in RRC_INACTIVE 339

18.1 Introduction to RRC_INACTIVE 339

18.2 Mobility Management 341

18.3 State Transitions 343

18.4 Small Data Transmission in RRC_INACTIVE 347

19 Inter-operation with the Evolved Packet Core 349

19.1 Inter-operation Architectures 349

19.2 Registration Modes 353

19.3 Use of the Migration Architecture 353

19.4 Interworking Without N26 356

19.5 Interworking with N26 357

20 Foundations of 5G-Advanced 363

20.1 Location Services 363

20.2 Integrated Access and Backhaul 366

20.3 Use of Unlicensed Spectrum 371

20.4 Multicast and Broadcast Services 376

20.5 Non-terrestrial Networks 380

20.6 Network Automation, Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning 385

20.7 Service Enabler Architecture Layer 388

21 The Internet of Things 395

21.1 Time-sensitive Communications 395

21.2 Non-public Networks 400

21.3 5G Virtual Networks 402

21.4 Edge Computing 404

21.5 Massive Machine-type Communications 410

21.6 Messaging Services 412

22 Vehicle Communications and the Sidelink 417

22.1 Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) Communications 417

22.2 Uncrewed Aerial Vehicles 423

22.3 Proximity-based Services 425

22.4 Architecture of the Sidelink 430

22.5 Sidelink Timing Synchronization 435

22.6 Sidelink Transmission and Reception 437

22.7 Access Stratum Procedures for the Sidelink 442

22.8 Operation of Sidelink Communication 444

22.9 Operation of ProSe Direct Discovery 447

23 From 5G-Advanced to 6G 453

23.1 Release 19 453

23.2 6G 456

References 461

Further Reading 465

Index 469