A Note to the Student
Acknowledgments
And Now, About the Eighth Edition ...
Sage Vantage Features
About the Authors
Part I: Yippee! I'm in Statistics
Chapter 1: Statistics or Sadistics? It's Up to You
Why Statistics?
Descriptive Statistics and Averages
Computing the Mean
Computing the Median
Computing the Mode
Summary
Key Terms
Activities
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 2: What Do Your Data Look Like? Summarizing and Picturing Distributions
How Much Information Is in Your Variable?
Vive la Différence! Understanding Variability
The Standard Deviation
Using SPSS to Compute Descriptive Statistics
Shaping Things Up
Using the Computer (SPSS, That Is) to Illustrate Data
Summary
Key Terms
Activities
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 3: Computing Correlation Coefficients: Ice Cream and Crime
How's Your Relationship?
Computing a Pearson Correlation Coefficient
What's It All Mean?
Ice Cream Causes Crime (Association vs. Causation)
Using SPSS to Compute a Correlation Coefficient
Other Cool Correlations
Parting Ways: A Bit About Partial Correlations
Summary
Key Terms
Activities
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 4: Reliability and Validity: Tell the Truth, Precisely the Truth
Reliability: Getting It Right the First Time
Different Types of Reliability
Internal Consistency Reliability: To One's Own Self Be True
Interrater Reliability: Agreeing Not to Disagree
How Big Is Big? Interpreting Reliability Coefficients
Validity: What's the Meaning of Life!?
Validity and Reliability: Really Close Cousins
Summary
Key Terms
Activities
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Part II: Taking Chances for Fun and Profit
Chapter 5: The Normal Curve: It′s Shaped Like a Bell and It′s Everywhere!
Distributions and Probabilities
Area Codes: Areas Under the Normal Curve
The Amazing Super-Informative z Score
Using SPSS to Compute z Scores
Fat and Skinny Frequency Distributions
Summary
Key Terms
Activities
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 6: Hypotheticals and You: Making Guesses
Samples and Populations
The Null Hypothesis
The Research Hypothesis
What Makes a Good Research Hypothesis?
Summary
Key Terms
Activities
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 7: Significance: Not Everything That Can Be Counted Counts
The Concept of Significance
Significance Versus Meaningfulness
An Introduction to Inferential Statistics
An Introduction to Tests of Significance
Be Even More Confident
Summary
Key Terms
Activities
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Part III: Significantly Different: Using Inferential Statistics
Chapter 8: Single Samples: One Group All Alone
Introduction to the Single-Sample z Test
Computing the z Test Statistic
Using SPSS to Perform a z Test t Test
Special Effects: Do They Matter?
Summary
Key Terms
Activities
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 9: t(ea) for Two: Comparing Two Means
The Classic Group Comparison: Independent t Test
The Effect Size for a Two-Group Comparison
Using SPSS to Perform an Independent t Test
Using SPSS to Perform a Paired-Samples t Test
Summary
Key Terms
Activities
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 10: More Than Two Groups?: Analysis of Variance to the Rescue
Different Flavors of Analysis of Variance
Computing the F Test Statistic
Using SPSS to Compute the F Ratio
The Effect Size for One-Way ANOVA
Summary
Key Terms
Activities
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 11: Two (or More) ANOVAs in One: Factorial Analysis of Variance
Factorial Analysis of Variance
A New Flavor of ANOVA
The Main Event: Main Effects in Factorial ANOVA
Even More Interesting: Interaction Effects
Using SPSS to Conduct a Factorial Analysis of Variance
Computing the Effect Size for Factorial ANOVA
Summary
Key Terms
Activities
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 12: Correlation Coefficients and Regression: Can You Relate?
Remember the Correlation Coefficient?
Computing the Test Statistic
Linear Regression
Drawing the World's Best Line (for Your Data)
How Good Is Your Prediction?
Using SPSS to Compute the Regression Line
Multiple Regression: The More Predictors the Better? Maybe
Summary
Key Terms
Activities
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Part IV: More Statistics! More Tools! More Fun!
Chapter 13: Chi-Square and Some Other Nonparametric Tests: What to Do When You′re Not Normal
Introduction to Nonparametric Statistics
Introduction to the Goodness-of-Fit (One-Sample) Chi-Square
Computing the Goodness-of-Fit Chi-Square Test Statistic
Introduction to the Chi-Square Test of Independence
Using SPSS to Perform Chi-Square Tests
Other Nonparametric Tests You Should Know About
Summary
Key Terms
Activities
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 14: Some Other (Important) Statistical Stuff You Should Know About
Sophisticated Group Comparisons
Sophisticated Correlational Analyses
It's Not about What Data is Mine, it's about What Data is Mined
Using Chatbots for Statistical Analyses
Summary
Key Terms
Appendices: Information Never Ends!
Appendix A: SPSS Statistics in Less Than 30 Minutes
Appendix B: Tables
Appendix C: Data Sets
Appendix D: Answers to Practice Questions
Appendix E: Math: Just the Basics
Appendix F: The 10 Commandments of Data Collection
Appendix G: The Reward
Glossary