PREFACE TO THE 10TH EDITION xv

In Memoriam George Paul Sutton (1920?2020) / xvii

1 Classification 1

1.1. Jet Propulsion / 2

1.2. Rocket Propulsion / 5

Chemical Rocket Propulsion / 5

Combinations of Air-Breathing Jet Engines and Rocket Motors / 8

Nuclear Rocket Engines / 10

Electric Rocket Propulsion (EP) / 11

Other Rocket Propulsion Concepts / 12

International Rocket Propulsion Effort / 13

1.3. Applications of Rocket Propulsion / 14

Space Launch Vehicles / 14

Spacecraft / 19

Military and Other Applications / 20

References / 23

2 Definitions and Fundamentals 25

2.1. Definitions / 25

2.2. Thrust / 29

2.3. Exhaust Velocity / 31

2.4. Energy and Efficiencies / 32

2.5. Multiple Parallel Propulsion Systems / 35

2.6. Typical Performance Values / 36

2.7. Variable Thrust / 37

Symbols / 38

Greek Letters / 39

Problems / 39

References / 41

3 Nozzle Theory and Thermodynamic Relations 42

3.1. Ideal Rocket Propulsion Systems / 42

3.2. Summary of Thermodynamic Relations / 44

3.3. Isentropic Flow Through Nozzles / 47

Velocity / 48

Nozzle Flow and Throat Condition / 52

Thrust and Thrust Coefficient / 56

Characteristic Velocity and Specific Impulse / 59

Under- and Over-expanded Nozzles / 61

Influence of Chamber Geometry / 65

3.4. Nozzle Configurations / 66

Cone- and Bell-Shaped Nozzles / 66

3.5. Real Nozzles / 73

Boundary Layers / 73

Multiphase Flow / 75

Other Phenomena and Losses / 76

Performance Correction Factors / 76

3.6. Nozzle Alignment / 81

Symbols / 82

Greek Letters / 83

Subscripts / 83

Problems / 84

References / 86

4 Flight Performance 88

4.1. Gravity-Free Drag-Free Space Flight / 88

4.2. Forces Acting on a Vehicle in the Atmosphere / 91

4.3. Basic Relations of Motion / 94

4.4. Space Flight / 100

Elliptical Orbits / 103

Deep Space / 106

Perturbations / 107

Mission Velocity / 110

4.5. Space Flight Maneuvers / 112

Reaction Control System (RCS) / 115

4.6. Effect of Propulsion System on Vehicle Performance / 117

4.7. Flight Vehicles / 119

Multistage Vehicles in Series / 120

Stage Separation / 121

Launch Vehicles / 124

4.8. Military Missiles / 127

4.9. Flight Stability / 130

Symbols / 131

Greek Letters / 132

Subscripts / 133

Problems / 133

References / 134

5 Chemical Rocket Propellant Performance Analysis 136

5.1. Background and Fundamentals / 137

5.2. Analysis of Chamber or Motor Case Conditions / 143

5.3. Analysis of Nozzle Expansion Processes / 147

5.4. Computer-Assisted Analysis / 150

5.5. Results of Thermochemical Calculations / 151

Symbols / 162

Greek Letters / 163

Subscripts / 163

Problems / 163

References / 164

6 Liquid Propellant Rocket Engine Fundamentals 165

6.1. Types of Propellants / 168

6.2. Propellant Tanks / 171

6.3. Propellant Feed Systems / 176

Local Pressures and Flows / 177

6.4. Gas Pressure Feed Systems / 178

6.5. Tank Pressurization / 183

Factors Influencing the Required Mass of Pressurizing Gas / 185

Simplified Analysis for the Mass of Pressurizing Gas / 186

6.6. Turbopump Feed Systems and Engine Cycles / 187

Engine Cycles / 188

6.7. Rocket Engines for Maneuvering, Orbit Adjustments, or Attitude Control / 196

6.8. Engine Families / 199

6.9. Valves and Pipelines / 200

6.10. Engine Support Structure / 204

Symbols / 205

Subscripts / 206

Problems / 206

References / 208

7 Liquid Propellants 210

7.1. Propellant Properties / 214

Economic Factors / 214

Performance of Propellants / 214

Common Physical Hazards / 215

Desirable Physical Properties of Propellants / 217

Ignition, Combustion, and Flame Properties / 218

Property Variations and Specifications / 219

Additives / 219

7.2. Liquid Oxidizers / 219

Liquid Oxygen (O2) (LOX) / 220

Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) / 221

Nitric Acid (HNO3) / 221

Nitrogen Tetroxide (N2O4 or NTO) / 222

Nitrous Oxide (N2O) / 222

Oxidizer Cleaning Process / 223

7.3. Liquid Fuels / 223

Hydrocarbon Fuels / 223

Liquid Hydrogen / 224

Hydrazine (N2H4) / 225

Unsymmetrical Dimethylhydrazine [(CH3)2NNH2] / 226

Monomethylhydrazine (CH3NHNH2) / 226

Metallic Hydrogen / 226

7.4. Liquid Monopropellants / 227

Hydrazine as a Monopropellant / 227

7.5. Gaseous Propellants / 230

7.6. Safety and Environmental Concerns / 231

Symbols / 232

Greek Letters / 232

Problems / 232

References / 234

8 Thrust Chambers 237

8.1. Injectors / 237

Injector Flow Characteristics / 246

Factors Influencing Injector Behavior / 248

8.2. Combustion Chamber and Nozzle / 250

Volume and Shape / 250

Heat Transfer Distribution / 252

Cooling of Thrust Chambers / 253

Hydraulic Losses in the Cooling Passage / 258

Thrust Chamber Wall Loads and Stresses / 259

8.3. Low-Thrust Rocket Thrust Chambers or Thrusters / 262

8.4. Materials and Fabrication / 265

Additive Manufacturing of Rocket Engine Components / 271

8.5. Heat Transfer Analysis / 272

General Steady-State Heat Transfer Relations / 272

Transient Heat Transfer Analysis / 276

Steady-State Transfer to Liquids in Cooling Channels / 278

Radiation / 281

8.6. Start-up and Ignition / 282

8.7. Useful Life of Thrust Chambers / 285

8.8. Random Variable Thrust / 286

8.9. Sample Thrust Chamber Design Analysis / 287

Symbols / 296

Greek Letters / 297

Subscripts / 297

Problems / 297

References / 300

9 Liquid Propellant Combustion and its Stability 303

9.1. Combustion Process / 303

Injection/Atomization zone / 304

Rapid Combustion Zone / 306

Streamtube Combustion Zone / 306

9.2. Analysis and Simulation / 306

9.3. Combustion Instability / 307

Rating Techniques / 313

Control of Instabilities / 314

Symbols / 317

Problems / 317

References / 318

10 Turbopumps and their Gas Supplies 320

10.1. Introduction / 320

10.2. Descriptions of Several Turbopump Assemblies / 321

10.3. Selection of Turbopump Configuration / 325

10.4. Flow, Shaft Speeds, Power, and Pressure Balances / 329

10.5. Pumps / 330

Classification and Description / 330

Pump Parameters / 331

Influence of Propellants / 336

10.6. Turbines / 338

Classification and Description / 338

Turbine Performance and Design Considerations / 340

10.7. Approach to Turbopump Preliminary Design / 341

10.8. Gas Generators and Preburners / 344

Symbols / 345

Greek Letters / 346

Subscripts / 346

Problems / 346

References / 347

11 Engine Systems, Controls, and Integration 350

11.1. Propellant Budget / 350

11.2. Performance of Complete or Multiple Rocket Propulsion Systems / 352

11.3. Engine Design / 355

11.4. Engine Controls / 361

Control of Engine Starting and Thrust Buildup / 363

Automatic Controls / 368

Control by Computer / 369

11.5. Engine System Calibration / 371

Engine Health Monitoring System / 375

11.6. System Integration and Engine Optimization / 377

Symbols / 378

Greek Letters / 378

Subscripts / 378

Problems / 378

References / 379

12 Solid-propellant Rocket Motor Fundamentals 381

12.1. Basic Relations and Propellant Burning Rate / 388

Mass Flow Relations / 390

Burning Rate Relation with Pressure / 391

Burning Rate Relation with Ambient Temperature (Tb) / 394

Variable Burning Rate Exponent n / 397

Burning Enhancement by Erosion / 398

Other Burning Rate Enhancements / 400

12.2. Other Performance Issues / 401

12.3. Propellant Grain and Grain Configuration / 405

Slivers / 412

12.4. Propellant Grain Stress and Strain / 413

Material Characterization / 414

Structural Design / 416

12.5. Attitude Control and Side Maneuvers with Solid-Propellant Rocket Motors / 422

Symbols / 423

Greek Letters / 425

Subscripts / 425

Problems / 425

References / 427

13 Solid Rocket Propellants 431

13.1. Classification / 431

13.2. Propellant Characteristics / 436

13.3. Hazards / 442

Inadvertent Ignition / 442

Aging and Useful Life / 443

Case Overpressure and Failure / 443

Detonation Versus Deflagration / 444

Hazard Classification / 444

Insensitive Munitions / 445

Upper Pressure Limit / 447

Toxicity / 447

Safety Rules / 447

13.4. Propellant Ingredients / 447

Inorganic Oxidizers / 452

Fuels / 453

Binders / 453

Burning-Rate Modifiers / 454

Plasticizers / 454

Curing Agents or Crosslinkers / 454

Energetic Binders and Plasticizers / 455

Organic Oxidizers or Explosives / 455

Additives / 456

Particle-Size Parameters / 456

13.5. Other Propellant Categories / 458

Gas Generator Propellants / 458

Smokeless or Low-Smoke Propellant / 459

Igniter Propellants / 460

13.6. Liners, Insulators, and Inhibitors / 460

13.7. Propellant Processing and Manufacture / 463

Symbols / 466

Greek Letters / 466

Problems / 466

References / 468

14 Solid Propellant Combustion and its Stability 472

14.1. Physical and Chemical Processes / 472

14.2. Ignition Process / 475

14.3. Extinction or Thrust Termination / 476

14.4. Combustion Instability / 478

Acoustic Instabilities / 478

Analytical Models and Simulation of Combustion Stability / 481

Combustion Stability Assessment, Remedy, and Design / 482

Vortex-Shedding Instability / 484

Problems / 485

References / 485

15 Solid Rocket Motor Components and Design 488

15.1. Rocket Motor Case / 488

Metal Cases / 491

Wound-Filament-Reinforced Plastic Cases / 494

15.2. Nozzles / 496

Classification / 496

Design and Construction / 498

Heat Absorption and Nozzle Materials / 502

15.3. Igniter Hardware / 507

Pyrotechnic Igniters / 508

Pyrogen Igniters / 509

Igniter Analysis and Design / 511

15.4. Rocket Motor Design Approach / 512

Symbols / 518

Greek Letters / 518

Subscripts / 518

Problems / 519

References / 520

16 Hybrid Propellants Rocket Propulsion 523

16.1. Applications and Propellants / 525

16.2. Hybrid Rocket Engine Interior Ballistics / 528

16.3. Performance Analysis and Grain Configuration / 531

Dynamic Behavior / 533

16.4. Design Example / 535

16.5. Combustion Instability / 539

Symbols / 542

Greek Letters / 543

Problems / 543

References / 544

17 Electric Propulsion 547

17.1. Ideal Flight Performance / 552

17.2. Electrothermal Thrusters / 556

Resistojets / 556

Arcjets / 558

17.3. Nonthermal Electrical Thrusters / 562

Electrostatic Devices / 562

Basic Relationships for Electrostatic Thrusters / 563

Electromagnetic Thrusters / 569

17.4. Optimum Flight Performance / 575

17.5. Mission Applications / 579

17.6. Electric Space-power Supplies and Power-conditioning Systems / 580

Power Generation Units / 581

Power-Conditioning Equipment (PCU or PPU) / 583

Symbols / 584

Greek Letters / 585

Problems / 586

References / 588

References for Table: 17?7 / 590

18 Thrust Vector Control (TVC) 591

18.1. TVC Mechanisms with a Single Nozzle / 593

18.2. TVC with Multiple Thrust Chambers or Nozzles / 601

18.3. Testing / 603

18.4. Integration with Vehicle / 605

Problems / 606

References / 606

19 Selection of Rocket Propulsion Systems 608

19.1. Selection Process / 610

19.2. Criteria for Selection / 614

19.3. Interfaces / 616

19.4. Cost Reduction / 616

19.5. Optimization Results / 618

References / 620

20 Rocket Exhaust Plumes 621

20.1. Plume Appearance and Flow Behavior / 621

Spectral Distribution of Radiation / 627

Multiple Nozzles / 630

Plume Signature / 630

Vehicle Base Geometry and Recirculation / 631

Compression and Expansion Waves / 632

20.2. Plume Effects / 633

Smoke and Vapor Trails / 633

Toxicity / 634

Noise / 634

Spacecraft Surface Contamination / 635

Radio Signal Attenuation / 636

Plume Impingement on Structures / 637

Heat Transfer to Clusters of Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines / 637

20.3. Analysis and Mathematical Simulation / 638

Problems / 638

References / 639

21 Rocket Testing 641

21.1. Types of Tests / 641

21.2. Test Facilities and Safeguards / 643

Monitoring the Environment and Controlling Toxic Materials / 646

21.3. Instrumentation and Data Management / 648

Measurement System Terminology / 649

Test Measurements / 650

Health Monitoring System (HMS) / 651

21.4. Flight Testing / 652

21.5. Postaccident Procedures / 652

Symbols / 653

References / 653

Appendix 1 Conversion Factors and Constants 655

Conversion Factors (Arranged Alphabetically) / 655

Constants / 657

Appendix 2 Properties of the Earth’s Standard Atmosphere 658

Appendix 3 Summary of Key Equations for Ideal Chemical Rockets 659

Appendix 4 Rockets Book Calculator 662

Index 665