I. Introduction. 1 History of Physiological Optics. 2 Possibilities in Physiological Optics. 3 Some advances in the last decade. II. Fundamentals. 4 Geometrical Optics. 5 Wave Optics. 6 Optical aberrations. 7 Photometry and colorimetry. 8 Characterization of visual stimuli using standard display model. 9 Basic ophthalmic instruments. 10 Instrumentation for adaptive optics. 11 Anatomy and embryology of the eye. 12 The retina. 13 Visual system architecture. 14 Visual psychophysics methods. III. Optical Properties of the Eye. 15 The cornea. 16 The lens. 17 Schematic Eyes. 18 Axes and angles of the eye. 19 The retina and Stiles-Crawford effect. 20 Refractive errors. 21 Monochromatic aberrations. 22 Chromatic aberration in the human eye. 23 Peripheral aberrations. 24 Customized eye models. 25 Scattering, straylight and glare. 26 Accommodation mechanisms. 27 Accommodation dynamics. 28 Eye movements. 29 Aging and eye optics. 30 Polarization properties.