Foreword xii 

Preface To First Edition xv 

Preface To Second Edition xvii 

Acknowledgments xix 

List Of Constants xx 

List Of Abbreviations xxi 

List Of Symbols xxvii 

Pivotal Timelines xxviii 

SECTION I : Background Concepts & Instrumentation 1 

1 Introduction 3 

1.1 Physical Properties Of Matter & The Societal Impacts Realized 3 

1.2 Surfaces Of Matter & The Technological Impacts Realized 6 

1.3 Surface Science 10 

1.4 XPS & PES 12 

1.5 History Of XPS 15 

1.6 Physical Basis Of XPS 21 

1.7 Sensitivity & Specificity Of XPS 26 

1.8 Summary 28 

References 30 

2 Atomic & Electronic Structure 34 

2.1 The Atom 34 

2.1.1 Atoms & Matter 35 

2.1.2 Electronic Structure Of Atoms 39 

2.1.2.1 Quantum Numbers 41 

2.1.2.2 Stationary-State Notation 42 

2.1.2.3 Stationary-State Transitions & Notation 44 

2.1.2.4 Stationary-State Energies 46 

2.1.2.5 Spin Orbit Splitting 48 

2.1.2.6 Ionization Potentials & Electron Affinities 50 

2.1.3 Bonding & The Electronic Structure In Solids 51 

2.1.3.1 Metal, Semiconductor & Insulator Band Structures 52 

2.1.3.2 Band Bending & Band Alignment 54 

2.2 Summary 58 

References 60 

3 Instrumentation I 62 

3.1 Components 62 

3.1.1 Photon Sources 63 

3.1.2 Photon Filtering & Focusing 73 

3.1.3 Electron Sources 79 

3.1.4 Ion Sources 80 

3.1.5 Electron Extraction & Transfer 83 

3.1.6 Electron Energy Analyzers 84 

3.1.7 Electron Amplification & Detection 91 

3.2 Summary 96 

References 98 

4 Instrumentation II 102 

4.1 Systems 102 

4.1.1 Vacuum 103 

4.1.2 Energy 112 

4.1.3 Imaging 119 

4.1.4 Related Techniques 127 

4.1.5 Automation 142 

4.2 Summary 146 

References 147 

SECTION II : Data Acquisition & Interpretation 152 

5 Data Collection & Quantification 154 

5.1 Analysis Procedures 154 

5.2 Photoelectron Intensities 162 

5.3 Information As A Function Of Depth 175 

5.4 Summary 194 

References 196 

 

6 Speciation & Band-Structure 199 

6.1 Spectral Interpretation 199 

6.2 Band-Structure Measurements 244 

6.3 Scientific Rigor & Reporting 248 

6.4 Summary 250 

References 252 

7 Spectral Simulations 259 

7.1 Computational Methods 259 

7.2 Summary 270 

References 270 

8 Case Studies 273 

8.1 Introduction 274 

8.2 Summary 300 

References 301 

APPENDICES 304 

Appendix A Periodic Table Of The Elements 306 

Appendix B Core Level & Fluorescence Notation 307 

Appendix C Electron Binding Energies 308 

Appendix D Elemental Work Functions 314 

Appendix E Line Shapes 318 

Appendix F Optical Properties 322 

Appendix G Other Spectroscopies/Spectrometries 325 

Appendix H Other Microscopies/Tomographies 337 

Appendix I Reflection/Diffraction Techniques 347 

Glossary Of Terms 350 

Hardware Vendors 360 

Software Suppliers 363 

Index 364