List of Figures x
Acknowledgments for the Second Edition xix
About the Companion Website xxi
Introduction xxii

Part I Getting to Sounds 1

1 The Speech System and Basic Anatomy 3
1.1 The Speech Chain 3
1.2 The Building Blocks of Articulatory Phonetics 7
1.3 Understanding Movement: Control and Biomechanics 10

2 Where It All Starts: The Central Nervous System 21
2.1 Nervous System Basics 21
2.2 Speech Pathways Through the Brain 33
2.3 Measuring Brain Activity: fMRI, PET, EEG, ECoG, and MEG 35

3 From Thought to Movement: The Peripheral Nervous System and Muscles 43
3.1 The Peripheral Nervous System 43
3.2 How Muscles Move 48
3.3 Motor Modules 51
3.4 Measuring Muscles: Electromyography 53

4 From Movement to Flow: Respiration 61
4.1 Breathing Basics 61
4.2 The Anatomy of Breathing 64
4.3 Measuring Airflow and Pressure: Pneumotachography and Schlieren Imaging 78

5 From Flow to Sound 85
5.1 Intrinsic Laryngeal Anatomy 85
5.2 Modal Phonation 91
5.3 Articulating Speech Sounds 99
5.4 Measuring the Vocal Folds: EGG 102

Part II Articulating Sounds 109

6 Laryngeal Articulation 111
6.1 Extrinsic Laryngeal Anatomy 111
6.2 Articulating Sounds: The Larynx 118
6.3 Measuring Laryngeal Articulations: Endoscopy 127

7 Soft Palate Articulation 132
7.1 The Soft Palate: Airspaces and Anatomy 132
7.2 Articulating Sounds: The Soft Palate 141
7.3 Measuring the Soft Palate: X-ray Video 148

8 Lingual Articulation: Vowels 153
8.1 The Jaw and Extrinsic Tongue Muscles 153
8.2 Articulating Sounds: Vowels 162
8.3 Measuring Vowels: Ultrasound 169

9 Lingual Articulation: Consonants 177
9.1 The Intrinsic Tongue Muscles 177
9.2 Articulating Sounds: Lingual Consonants 181
9.3 Measuring Lingual Consonants: Palatography and Linguography 192

10 Labial Articulation 201
10.1 Muscles of the Lips and Face 204
10.2 Articulating Sounds: Labials 208
10.3 Measuring the Lips and Face: Video and Point Tracking 214

11 Putting Articulations Together 223
11.1 Coordinating Movements 223
11.2 Articulating Sounds: Coordinating Complexity 229
11.3 Coarticulation 235
11.4 Measuring the Whole Vocal Tract: Tomography 239

12 Guiding Articulation: Sensory Systems 247
12.1 Sensory Systems in Articulatory Phonetics 247
12.2 Articulating Sounds: Multimodality and Feedback Control 256
12.3 Measuring Sensory Feedback: Perturbation and Adaptation 263

Exercises 266
References 267
Abbreviations Used in the Book 271
Muscles with Innervation, Origin, and Insertion 274
Index 281