List of Contributors xv
Preface xix
Acknowledgments xx

1 Introduction to Cardiovascular Diseases and Herbal Medicine 1
Gnaneswari Kodi, Suneetha Achanti, Thirumala Devi Siriki, and Sree Geetha A

1.1 Introduction, 1
1.2 Conventional Management of Cardiovascular Diseases, 6
1.3 Herbal Medicine, 8
1.4 Conclusion, 13

2 Phytochemical-Based Interventions for Cardiovascular Complications: Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Promise 17
Lakshmana Rao Atmakuri, Kamal Dua, Ramesh Alluri, and Anupama Baratam

2.1 Introduction, 17
2.2 Classification, Dietary Sources, and Therapeutic Potential, 17
2.3 Molecular Targets in Cardiovascular Pathology, 19
2.4 Phytochemical Cardioprotection Mechanisms, 19
2.5 Prominent Phytochemicals and Their Therapeutic Profiles, 20
2.6 Strategies to Enhance Phytochemical Delivery, 20
2.7 Preclinical and Clinical Evidence, 20
2.8 Artificial Intelligence in Phytochemical Research, 21
2.9 Regulatory Framework and Standardization, 22
2.10 Innovations in Phytochemical Therapeutics, 23
2.11 Challenges and Future Perspectives, 23
2.12 Conclusion, 24

3 Traditional and Modern Strategies in Cardiovascular Therapy: Innovative Blends 27
Sathyamoorthy Nandhakumar, Dhanalekshmi Unnikrishnan Meenakshi, Thangavel Mahalingam Vijayakumar, and Pavan Kumar Chintamaneni

3.1 Introduction, 27
3.2 Global and Regional Burden of CVD, 28
3.3 Etiology of Cardiovascular Diseases, 28
3.4 Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases, 29
3.5 Conventional Drug Therapies, 30
3.6 Traditional Systems of Medicine and Their Concept of Cardiovascular Health, 31
3.7 The Challenges of Traditional Medicine, 33
3.8 Blending Nanotechnology and Traditional Medicine for Improved CVD Management, 35
3.9 Conclusion, 38

4 Glycosides, Flavonoids, Polyphenols: Natural Cardioprotective Agents 42
Bondada N.B. Vaidehi, Rudolf Bauer, Akshintala Sree Gayatri, and Bodapati Raju

4.1 Introduction, 42
4.2 Glycosides, 42
4.3 Flavonoids, 47
4.4 Polyphenols, 50
4.5 Conclusion, 53

5 Herbal Antihypertensives: Mechanisms and Clinical Evidence 56
Garlanka Venkata Naga Kiranmayi, N. Harikrishnan, Long Chiau Ming, and Karumanchi Srikanth

5.1 Introduction, 56
5.2 Pathophysiology of Hypertension, 56
5.3 Therapeutic Implications of Hypertension Pathophysiology, 58
5.4 Common Herbal Antihypertensives, 58
5.5 Pharmacological Mechanisms of Herbal Antihypertensives, 60
5.6 Clinical Trials of Herbal Antihypertensives, 62

6 Natural Lipid-Lowering Agents: Role in Dyslipidemia and Atherosclerosis 71
Evelyn Sharon Sukumaran, Garlanka Venkata Naga Kiranmayi, K. Ravi Shankar, and Nakkala Danamurthy

6.1 Introduction, 71
6.2 Dyslipidemia, 71
6.3 Atherosclerosis, 72
6.4 Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis, 73
6.5 Natural Lipid-Lowering Agents, 74
6.6 Conclusion, 80

7 Herbal Anticoagulants, Antiplatelets, and Thrombolytics for Cardiovascular Health 83
Sadhe Amala, Sarikonda Tripura Venkata Raghavamma, and Asapu Hema KIranmayi

7.1 Introduction, 83
7.2 Hemostasis, 83
7.3 Cardiovascular Protection, 86
7.4 Plant Bioactive Compounds, 88
7.5 Conclusion, 93

8 Barriers and Breakthroughs in Herbal Drug Formulation and Delivery Systems 96
Thummala Udaya Kumar

8.1 Introduction, 96
8.2 Barriers in Herbal Drug Formulation and Delivery, 96
8.3 Breakthroughs in Herbal Drug Delivery Systems, 98
8.4 Advances in Extraction and Processing Techniques, 100
8.5 Artificial Intelligence and Computational Approaches, 100
8.6 Regulatory Framework for Herbal Drug Formulation and Delivery Systems, 100
8.7 Pillars of Herbal Drug Regulation, 101
8.8 Regulatory Approaches to Herbal Medicines, 102
8.9 Innovations in Herbal Drug Regulation, 102
8.10 Breakthrough Concepts in Herbal Regulation, 102
8.11 Future Outlook, 103
8.12 Conclusion, 103

9 Targeted Delivery of Herbal Compounds for Cardiovascular Health Using Liposomes, Phytosomes, and Self Nano-Emulsified Drug Delivery Systems 107
Pathuri Raghuveer, Haya Khader Ahmed Yasin, Shakil Akthar, and Grandhi Srikar

9.1 Introduction, 107
9.2 Phytochemicals for Cardiovascular Disease Therapy, 108
9.3 Physicochemical and Pharmacokinetic Challenges, 108
9.4 Nanotechnology-Based Delivery Strategies, 110
9.5 Limitations of Nano-Based Delivery Systems, 113
9.6 Regulatory Challenges, 114
9.7 Future Perspectives and Research Directions, 115
9.8 Conclusion, 115

10 Microneedles, Hydrogels, and Transdermal Patches for Cardiovascular Applications 119
Raghuveer Pathuri, S. M. Khamanga, M. V. N. L. Chaitanya, and Pavan Kumar Chintamaneni

10.1 Introduction, 119
10.2 Phytomedicine in CVD Therapy, 119
10.3 Fundamentals of Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems, 121
10.4 Microneedle Systems in Cardiovascular Therapy, 122
10.5 Hydrogels of Cardiovascular Drug Delivery, 125
10.6 Transdermal Patches in Cardiovascular Applications, 128
10.7 Comparison of Microneedles, Hydrogels, and TD Patches, 131
10.8 Regulatory Landscape of Herbal Drug-Loaded Microneedles, Hydrogels, and Transdermal Patches, 131
10.9 Emerging Trends and Future Prospects, 132
10.10 Conclusion, 132

11 Preclinical and Clinical Studies on Herbal Cardiovascular Therapies 136
Naga Venkata Lakshmi Sirisha Mulukuri, Talluri Sesha Rajeswari, Ponakampalli Rambabu, and Dasari Santhi Krupa

11.1 Introduction, 136
11.2 Preclinical Studies for Testing of Herbal Medicine in Cardiovascular Disorders, 136
11.3 Scientific Studies on Some Herbs Used in Cardiovascular Disorders, 139
11.4 Conclusion, 147

12 Toxicological and Pharmacokinetic Considerations in Herbal Medicine 150
Madhavi Latha Samala, Anu Pravallika Janipalli, Gowri Gollu, and Nalini Mathala

12.1 Introduction, 150
12.2 Toxicological Considerations in Herbal Medicine, 151
12.3 Pharmacokinetic Considerations of Herbal Medicine, 155
12.4 Conclusion, 159

13 Frameworks for Regulations, Standardization, and Authentication of Cardiovascular Herbal Drugs 164
Kumar CSP, Surya Prakasarao Kovvasu, and Gummadi RamaKrishna

13.1 Introduction, 164
13.2 Regulatory Frameworks for Herbal Cardiovascular Drugs, 164
13.3 Standardization Approaches for Herbal Cardiovascular Drugs, 166
13.4 Methods for Authentication, 167
13.5 Case Studies, 168
13.6 Challenges and Opportunities, 170
13.7 Conclusion, 170

14 Transforming Drug Delivery Systems Through Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning 172
Mohan Gandhi Bonthu, Veera R. Bitra, Alluri Pavani Gayatri, and Balakrishna Talamanchi

14.1 Introduction, 172
14.2 Fundamentals of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 173
14.3 AI and ML in Drug Discovery and Formulation Design, 175
14.4 Role of AI and ML in Modern Drug Delivery Systems, 177
14.5 Transforming Phytomedicine Delivery Through Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, 178
14.6 AI and ML in Cardiovascular Drug Delivery, 180
14.7 Clinical Development and Regulatory Applications of AI in Drug Delivery and Phytomedicine, 181
14.8 Ethical, Safety, and Implementation Challenges in AI-Based Drug Delivery Systems, 182
14.9 Future Perspectives and Opportunities, 183
14.10 Conclusion, 183

15 Future Challenges and Opportunities in Herbal-Based Cardiovascular Therapy 188
Gummadi Veda Priya, Saurabh Gupta, Karri Swathi Priya, and Arya Lakshmi Marisetti

15.1 Introduction, 188
15.2 Self-Care Through Behavioral and Lifestyle Change, 188
15.3 Diet Impact on Cardiovascular Health, 189
15.4 Growing Global Interest in Natural Therapies, 190
15.5 Key Challenges Facing Herbal-Based Therapies for Cardiovascular Diseases, 191
15.6 Challenges Faced by Herbal Medical Practitioners, 193
15.7 Future Trends and Opportunities, 194
15.8 Future Research Directions, 195
15.9 Potential Benefits and Challenges, 197
15.10 Conclusion, 197

References, 197
Index 201