Foreword by Rüdiger Quay xv
Foreword by Peter Russer xvii
Foreword by Tomás Palacios xxvii
The Authors xxix

Introduction 1

1 Microwave Frequencies, Conventional Passive Elements, and Resonators 11
1.1 Introduction 11
1.2 Transition from Radio Frequency to Microwave Circuits 11
1.3 RF Versus Microwave Modeling 15
1.4 Application of Passive Devices in Filters 18
1.5 Richards Transformation 19
1.6 Kuroda's Identities 21
1.7 10.2 GHz Test Circuit 22
1.8 Validation 26
1.9 More EM Simulation 29
1.10 Transmission Line Test 31
1.11 Branch Line and the Rat-race Coupler 32
1.12 Wilkinson Coupler 43
1.13 Microstrip Resonators 44
1.13.1 Element Library 44
1.14 Integrated Resonators 45
1.15 Ceramic Resonators 50
1.16 Conclusion 54

2 The History, Evolution, and Current Status of Microwave Transistors 55
2.1 Introduction 55
2.2 Microwave Transistor FOMs 55
2.3 How to Design a Good Microwave Transistor? 58
2.4 The Evolution of Microwave Transistors 59
2.5 Summary and Outlook 67

3 System Specifications 75
3.1 System Specifications and Their Relationship to Circuit Design 75
3.2 Signal-to-noise Ratio and Sensitivity 76
3.3 Bit Error Rate and Noise 77
3.4 Noise Factor and Noise Figure 78
3.5 System Amplitude and Phase Behavior 79
3.6 Spectral Considerations of Analog and Digitally Modulated Signals 81
3.7 Amplitude Linearity Issues and Figures of Merit 83
3.8 Gain Compression 83
3.9 Intermodulation 84
3.10 Dynamic Range 87
3.11 Triple-beat Distortion and Cross-modulation 87
3.12 Noise Power Ratio 87
3.13 Large-signal Effects 89
3.14 AM-to-PM Conversion 90
3.15 Spectral Regrowth and Adjacent-channel Power Ratio 90
3.16 Phase Response Issues and Figures of Merit 92
3.17 Differential Group Delay 93
3.18 Effects of Phase Noise 93
3.19 Reciprocal Mixing 95
3.20 Phase Errors 98
3.21 Error Vector Magnitude 99

4 The Tools and Technology Explained 103
4.1 Transistor Classification 104
4.2 Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors 114
4.3 Field-effect Transistor Basics 132
4.4 An Improved EM Simulation Procedure to Extract Extrinsic Elements of Terahertz InP DHBTs 152
4.5 Conclusion to the Semiconductor Introduction 155
4.6 Example: GaAs MESFET Foundry Design Manual 156
4.7 Introduction of the Harmonic Balance Method and Nonlinear Noise Calculation 159
4.8 Regular Analysis with the Harmonic Balance Program 162
4.9 Coupled-line Resonator Oscillator (EM Simulation) 171
4.10 Generating Large-signal S-parameters 173
4.11 Nonlinear Noise Analysis—An Overview 174

5 Q-Enhanced Passive Microwave Resonators 183
5.1 Introduction 183
5.2 Linear Passive 1-Port 183
5.3 Resonator Networks 184
5.4 Resonator Q-factor 187
5.5 Resonator Design Criteria for Low Phase Noise Oscillator Applications 199
5.6 Printed Coupled Slow-wave Resonator 210
5.7 Slow-wave Resonator 213
5.8 Printed Coupled Möbius Resonator Oscillators 225
5.9 Printed Coupled Metamaterial Resonator 230
5.10 Phase Velocity, Group Velocity, Energy Density 238
5.11 Realization of Negative Refractive Index Material (NRIM) Components 240
5.12 Metamaterial (NRIM) Model 241

6 Q-Enhanced Planar Resonators for Low Phase-noise Oscillators 283
6.1 Active Resonator 283
6.2 AR Topology 285
6.3 Example Printed Resonator Oscillators 293
6.4 Printed Coupled Slow-wave Resonator Oscillators 304
6.5 Oscillator Architectures Enabling Tunability and Phase-noise Optimization 308
6.6 SIW Resonator Oscillators 324
6.7 Tunable Möbius Coupled Printed Resonator Oscillators 336
6.8 Millimeter Wave EBGR (Electromagnetic Band Gap Resonator) Oscillator 346
6.9 Terahertz Metamaterial Resonator Oscillator 348

7 MEMS Switches with Metamaterial Contacts: Applications in Switched Band Oscillators 355
7.1 A MEMS Switch with Metamaterial Contacts: Theory, Concepts, and Technology 355
7.2 Casimir Force: MEMS Switch Design Leveraging the Casimir Effect 374
7.3 Casimir Force-inspired MEMS Switch 387
7.4 Metamaterial-inspired Tunable Switch-band Oscillator 397

8 Amplifier Design with BJTs and FETs up to the Sub THz Range 403
8.1 Properties of Amplifiers 403
8.2 Single-stage Feedback Amplifiers 437
8.3 Example: 6... 18 GHz Single Ended Amplifier Using a Foundry FET 439
8.4 Example: Single-stage Amplifier with Voltage and Current Feedback 441
8.5 Example: Numerical Example of a Dual Feedback Amplifier Using a BFP840 Transistor 445
8.6 Multi-stage Amplifier 447
8.7 Example: Monolithic Selective Amplifier 449
8.8 25 GHz C-SiGe Transistor Amplifier with Gain Peaking 451
8.9 Example: 2N4417 Cascode Amplifier 451
8.10 Single Stage Amplifier with CFY99A GaAs FET 451
8.11 Example: Optimization of a Single-stage Amplifier Based on the SPICE Parameters of BFP620 456
8.12 Example: 7 GHz Amplifier, Lumped Design 456
8.13 Example: 430 MHz JFET 2N4417 Preamplifier 456
8.14 Example: Design and Analysis of Microwave Feedback Amplifiers 456
8.15 Example of an 80–100 GHz Amplifier 462
8.16 8–18 GHz Optimized Amplifier Using an FET 464
8.17 Example: Design of a 4 GHz MOS Based Cascode Amplifiers 466
8.18 Example of a 2-stage 6–12 GHz Amplifier 466
8.19 Simulation of a 3 Stage Distributed FET Amplifier 467
8.20 Example: Two Tone Test of a FET Amplifier at 5 GHz 471
8.21 Power Amplifiers 471
8.22 CMOS Low-noise Amplifiers 522
8.23 Power Amplifiers—Theory 536

9 Mixer Design 549
9.1 Introduction 549
9.2 Simulation Examples of Different Types of Downconverters 550
9.3 Additive or Multiplicative Mixing 551
9.4 Basic Mixer Theory 554
9.5 Properties of Mixers 557
9.6 Diode Mixers 564
9.7 Phase Detector 580
9.8 Triple-balanced Mixer 585
9.9 Rohde & Schwarz Subharmonically Pumped DBM 586
9.10 DBM Using GaAs FETS Connected as Diodes for Higher-frequency Operation 588
9.11 Analysis of a Balanced Microwave Mixer 588
9.12 Transistor Mixers 594
9.13 The Differential Configuration—Differential LO Frequency Mixer 595
9.14 Mixer Gain 597
9.15 Single-balanced Gilbert Cell Mixer 599
9.16 Calculation of Single-balanced Mixer Gain 599
9.17 Noise Mixing in Single-balanced Mixer 604
9.18 Total Mixer Output Noise (BJT) 609
9.19 BJT Gilbert Cell 611
9.20 Gain and Noise Simulation of a Double-balanced Gilbert Cell Differential Mixer (Gilbert Cell) 613
9.21 BJT Gilbert Cell with Feedback 621
9.22 J-FETs/GaAs FET Mixers 623
9.23 The N-JFET Circuit Modified to Work with an LDMOS FET 625
9.24 Dual-gate MOS/GaAs Mixers 625
9.25 MOSFET Gilbert Cell 628
9.26 Single-balanced Mixer Noise 632
9.27 Differential CMOS Mixer—A More Detailed Analysis 633
9.28 The Four Noise Mechanisms 634
9.29 A Practical Example of a Simulated Differential MOS Mixer 637
9.30 GaAsFET Single-gate Switch: Resistive Mixer 639
9.31 Simplified Switching FET Mixer 640
9.32 Noise in Resistive Mixers 642
9.33 Notes from TriQuint Semiconductor's GaAs Design Class 648

10 VHF-to-EHF Oscillators 657
10.1 Introduction 657
10.2 Background 658
10.3 Oscillator Design 659
10.4 Linear Approach 667
10.5 Noise in Semiconductors and Circuits 669
10.6 Prediction of Phase Noise 671
10.7 Time domain-based Analysis to Describe the Transistor Nonlinearities 684
10.8 Push–Pull Oscillator 711
10.9 Design Parameters 714
10.10 Phase Noise 718
10.11 Push–Push Configuration 721
10.12 Two-port Microwave/RF Oscillator Design 732
10.13 Dielectric Resonator Oscillator 736
10.14 10 GHz YIG Oscillator 737
10.15 Ceramic Resonator Oscillators 740
10.16 GaAs FET-based Oscillator 747
10.17 Tuning Diode-based AM-to-PM Conversion 750
10.18 More Practical Circuits 760
10.19 Silicon/GaAs-based Integrated VCOs and Possible Difficulties 767
10.20 Time-domain Simulation 768
10.21 Phase Noise Improvements of Integrated RF and Millimeter-wave Oscillators 770
10.22 Reverse Engineering 774
10.23 Conclusion 790

References 790
Further Reading 792
Appendix-A: AM and FM Noise in Oscillators 793
Appendix-B: Modeling of a Two-stage Amplifier Operating from 2 to 20 GHz 809
Appendix-C: Testing True Performance of ADCs Using R&S SMA100B Signal Generator 827
Appendix-D: State-of-the-art Cryogenic Low-noise Amplifier 861
Appendix-E: Fundamentals of Terahertz: Technology for 6G 893
Appendix-F: Noise Figure Test Under Pulsed Conditions and Compression, Utilizing a Vector
Network Analyzer 935
Index 953