About the Authors xvii
Preface xix
Acknowledgments xxv
About the Companion Website xxvii

1 Introduction to Emergency Response Planning: The Contexts of Emergency Response Planning 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 The Emergency Management Context 2
1.3 The Public Policy Context 9
1.4 The Local Jurisdictional Context 14
1.5 Summary 23

2 The Emergency Planning Process: Mandates, Structure, and Guidelines 31
2.1 Introduction 31
2.2 A Framework for Emergency Response Planning 35
2.3 Guidelines for the Emergency Planning Process 46
2.4 Summary 51

3 Principal Hazards in the United States: Causes and Effects 59
3.1 Introduction 59
3.2 Meteorological Hazards 60
3.3 Hydrological Hazards 66
3.4 Geophysical Hazards 71
3.5 Technological Hazards 76
3.6 Summary 88

4 Hazard Exposure/Vulnerability Analysis: The Foundation for Community Hazard Resilience 97
4.1 Introduction 97
4.2 The Disaster Impact Model 99
4.3 Conducting a Hazard Exposure/Vulnerability Analysis 111
4.4 Summary 118

5 Patterns of Human Behavior in Disasters: What a Planner Must Know 127
5.1 Introduction 127
5.2 Misconceptions About People's Responses to Disasters 128
5.3 Typical Impact Area Population Behavior in Emergencies 135
5.4 Emergency Response Organizations 141
5.5 Summary 144

6 Producing an Emergency Operations Plan: Framing a Picture of the Planning Process 153
6.1 Introduction 153
6.2 The Planning Process for Producing an Emergency Operations Plan 155
6.3 LEPC Operations 156
6.4 Community Capability Analysis 158
6.5 Producing the EOP 161
6.6 EOP Content 164
6.7 Annexes 179
6.8 Summary 186

7 Organizational Structures for Managing Emergency Response: Executing the EOP 193
7.1 Introduction 193
7.2 The Incident Command System 195
7.3 Emergency Operations Centers (EOCs) 202
7.4 Summary 214

8 Planning for Protective Actions: Shelter in Place and Respiratory Protection 221
8.1 Introduction 221
8.2 Shelter in Place (SIP) 224
8.3 Respiratory Protection 232
8.4 Air Purifiers 237
8.5 Summary 239

9 Planning for Protective Actions: Evacuation 245
9.1 Introduction 245
9.2 Identify Risk Areas/Sectors 247
9.3 Assess the Size of the Risk Area Population 248
9.4 Identify the ERS and Assess its Capacity 252
9.5 Compute Evacuation Time Estimates (ETEs) 253
9.6 Evacuation Transportation Support 260
9.7 Evacuation Traffic Management 261
9.8 Households' Reentry After Evacuation 264
9.9 Safety Hazards in Evacuation 264
9.10 Evacuation Management Summary 266Contents xiii
9.11 Summary 268

10 Planning for Population Warning: Behavioral Foundations and Practical Applications 279
10.1 Introduction 279
10.2 Household Protective Action Decisions 280
10.3 Factors Influencing Protective Action Decisions 296
10.4 Applying the Protective Action Decision Model 301
10.5 Summary 314

11 Selecting Protective Action Recommendations: Protecting Risk Area Populations 325
11.1 Introduction 325
11.2 The Two Chains of Events Model 327
11.3 Emergency Assessment 328
11.4 PAR Selection and Issuance 329
11.5 Warning Dissemination 343
11.6 PAR Compliance 345
11.7 Summary 349

12 Planning for Household Emergency Preparedness: Risk Communication, Hazard Awareness, and Protection Action Adoption 357
12.1 Introduction 357
12.2 Obstacles to Household Emergency Preparedness 358
12.3 Lessons from Previous Risk Communication Programs 365
12.4 Risk Communication Recommendations 367
12.5 Summary 382

13 Continuity of Operations Plans: Keeping the Organization Alive 391
13.1 Introduction 391
13.2 Continuity of Operations Plans 392
13.3 Getting Ready to Plan 394
13.4 COO Plan Elements 402
13.5 COOP Incident Operations 409Contents xv
13.6 Business Continuity Plans (BCPs) 416
13.7 Summary 419

Key Terms 420
Assess Your Understanding 421
You Try It 422
References 423
Glossary 425
Acronyms 441
Index 443