Preface xvi

1 Anatomical and Physiological Differences in the Urinary System and Some Parts of Genitourinary System in Dogs and Cats 1
1.1 General Information 1
1.1.1 Components of the Urinary System 1
1.2 Kidneys 3
1.2.1 Anatomy of the Kidneys 3
1.2.2 Renal Histology 7
1.2.3 Renal Physiology 12
1.3 Ureters 17
1.3.1 Anatomy of the Ureters 17
1.3.2 Histology of the Ureters 17
1.3.3 Physiology of the Ureters 18
1.4 Bladder 18
1.4.1 Anatomy of the Bladder 18
1.4.2 Histology of the Bladder 19
1.4.3 Physiology of the Bladder 20
1.5 The Urethra 22
1.5.1 Anatomy of the Urethra 22
1.5.2 Histology of the Urethra 24
1.5.3 Physiology of the Urethra 24
1.6 The Prostate Gland 25
1.6.1 Anatomy of the Prostate Gland 25
1.6.2 Histology of the Prostate Gland 28
1.7 Bulbourethral Glands 30
1.7.1 Anatomy of the Bulbourethral Glands 30
1.7.2 Histology of the Bulbourethral Gland 31
1.7.3 Physiology of the Bulbourethral Gland 31

2 Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) 34
2.1 General Information 34
2.2 Canine Urinary Tract Infections 36
2.2.1 Epidemiology 36
2.2.2 Etiopathogenesis 36
2.2.3 Diagnosis 43
2.2.4 Treatment 50
2.3 Feline Urinary Tract Infection 54
2.3.1 Epidemiology 54
2.3.2 Etiopathogenesis of Feline Urinary Tract Infections 54
2.3.3 Diagnosis 57
2.3.4 Treatment 61

3 Cystitis 69
3.1 General Information 69
3.2 ?auses of Bladder Inflammation 69
3.2.1 Microorganisms 69
3.2.2 Bladder Trauma 70
3.2.3 Immune Disorders 70
3.2.4 Stress 70
3.2.5 Ionizing Radiation 72
3.2.6 Medicines 73
3.3 Canine Cystitis 77
3.3.1 Epidemiology 77
3.3.2 Etiology of Infectious Canine Cystitis 77
3.3.3 Pathogenesis of Canine Infectious Cystitis 80
3.3.4 Common Types of Canine Cystitis 80
3.3.5 Diagnosis 87
3.3.6 Treatment 88
3.4 Feline Cystitis 88
3.4.1 Epidemiology of Feline Cystitis 89
3.4.2 Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Common Types of Feline Cystitis 89

4 Urolithiasis 125
4.1 General Information 125
4.2 General Etiology of Urolithiasis 127
4.2.1 Genetic Predisposition 127
4.2.2 Calcium, Hypercalciuria, Hyperoxaluria 128
4.2.3 Cystinuria 130
4.2.4 Xanthinuria 131
4.2.5 Uric Acid and Urates 131
4.2.6 Role of Microorganisms in the Development of Urolithiasis 132
4.2.7 Animal Nutrition and Urolithiasis 133
4.2.8 Stress and Urolithiasis 134
4.3 Modern Theories of Urolith Formation 134
4.3.1 Stone Formation Sites 135
4.4 Main Types of Crystalline Elements of Urine Sediment 141
4.4.1 Triple Phosphate (Ammonium Magnesium Phosphate, Struvite) 141
4.4.2 Calcium Phosphate (CaHPO4·2H2O, Calcium Phosphate, Brushite) 141
4.4.3 Magnesium phosphate 141
4.4.4 Amorphous Phosphates (Calcium Phosphate, Magnesium Phosphate) 143
4.4.5 Calcium Carbonate 143x Contents
4.4.6 Calcium Oxalate 143
4.4.7 Calcium Sulfate 145
4.4.8 Uric Acid 145
4.4.9 Urate (Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium, and Ammonium Salts of Uric Acid) 145
4.4.10 Cystine 146
4.4.11 Leucine 147
4.4.12 Bilirubin 147
4.4.13 Cholesterol 148
4.4.14 Hippuric Acid 148
4.4.15 Tyrosine 148
4.4.16 Xanthine 149
4.4.17 Hematoidin 149
4.4.18 Hemosiderin 149
4.5 Some Types of Uroliths in Dogs and Cats and Their Morphology 150
4.6 Canine Urolithiasis 153
4.6.1 Epidemiology 153
4.6.2 Etiology and Pathogenesis 161
4.6.3 Clinical Signs 173
4.6.4 Diagnosis: Main Principles and Methods 174
4.6.5 Treatment of Canine Urolithiasis 187
4.6.6 Prevention of Canine Urolithiasis 208
4.7 Feline Urolithiasis 214
4.7.1 Epidemiology 214
4.7.2 Etiology and Pathogenesis 227
4.7.3 Clinical Signs 238
4.7.4 Diagnosis: Main Principles and Methods 239
4.7.5 Treatment of Feline Urolithiasis 256
4.7.6 Prevention of Feline Urolithiasis 281

5 Urinary Incontinence 322
5.1 General Information 322
5.2 The Main Causes of Urinary Incontinence 322
5.3 Diagnosis: Main Principles and Methods 322
5.3.1 Physical Examination 322
5.3.2 Laboratory Tests 325
5.3.3 Diagnostic Imaging 325
5.3.4 Urodynamic Tests 325
5.4 Canine Urinary Incontinence 326
5.4.1 Urinary Incontinence in Puppies and Juvenile Dogs 326
5.4.2 Urinary Incontinence in Adult Dogs 330
5.5 Feline Urinary Incontinence 337
5.5.1 Epidemiology 337
5.5.2 Etiology and Pathogenesis 338
5.5.3 Diagnosis 339
5.5.4 Treatment 339

6 Urinary Tract Trauma in Dogs and Cats 346
6.1 General Information 346
6.1.1 Types of Injuries 346
6.2 Epidemiology 346
6.3 Clinical Signs 347Contents xiii
6.4 Diagnosis 347
6.4.1 Laboratory Tests 347
6.4.2 Imaging Techniques 347
6.4.3 Treatment of Urinary Tract Injuries in Dogs and Cats 347
6.4.4 Prognosis 350

7 Prostatic Disease and Disorders 351
7.1 General Information 351
7.2 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) 351
7.2.1 Epidemiology of BPH in Dogs 351
7.2.2 Etiology and Pathogenesis of BPH in Dogs 352
7.2.3 Clinical Signs of BPH in Dogs 352
7.2.4 Diagnosis of BPH in Dogs 353
7.2.5 Treatment of BPH in Dogs 355
7.3 Prostatitis 358
7.3.1 Canine Prostatitis 359
7.3.2 Feline Prostatitis 365
7.4 Prostatic Cysts and Abscesses 367
7.4.1 Prostatic Cysts 367
7.4.2 Prostatic Abscesses 373

8 Prostatic, Bladder, and Urethral Tumors 381
8.1 Canine Prostate Cancer (PCa) 381
8.1.1 Epidemiology 381
8.1.2 Etiology and Pathogenesis 382
8.1.3 Clinical Signs 384
8.1.4 Diagnosis 384
8.1.5 Management and Treatment 392
8.1.6 The Prognosis 403
8.2 Feline Prostate Cancer (PCa) 403
8.2.1 Epidemiology 403
8.2.2 Clinical Signs 403
8.2.3 Diagnosis 403
8.2.4 Management and Treatment 404
8.2.5 The Prognosis 404
8.3 Canine Bladder and Urethral Tumors 404
8.3.1 Transitional Cell Carcinoma (TCC) 404
8.3.2 Other Canine Bladder and Urethral Tumors 428
8.4 Feline Bladder and Urethral Tumors 436
8.4.1 Transitional Cell Carcinoma (TCC/UC) 436Contents xv
8.4.2 Lymphoma 439
8.4.3 Fibrosarcoma 441
8.4.4 Leiomyoma and Leiomyosarcoma 442
8.4.5 Hemangiosarcomas (HSA) 444
8.4.6 Papilloma 445

References 446
Abbreviations 460
Index 465