Preface xiii
About the Companion Website xvii

1 Introduction to Systems Engineering 1
1.1 Definition of a System 2
1.2 The Current Environment: Some Challenges 10
1.3 The Need for Systems Engineering 15
1.4 Related Terms and Definitions 35
1.5 Systems Engineering Management 50
1.6 Summary 54

2 The Systems Engineering Process 61
2.1 Definition of the Problem (Current Deficiency) 63
2.2 System Requirements (Needs Analysis) 64
2.3 Systems Context, OCD, OPSCON, and CONOPS 65
2.4 System Feasibility Analysis 68
2.5 System Operational Requirements 69
2.6 The Logistics and Maintenance Support Concept 73
2.7 Identification and Prioritization of Technical Performance Measures (TPMS) 80
2.8 Functional Analysis 84
2.9 Requirements Allocation 101
2.10 System Synthesis, Analysis, and Design Optimization 108
2.11 Design Integration 115
2.12 System Test and Evaluation 117
2.13 Production and/or Construction 126
2.14 System Operational Use and Sustaining Support 127
2.15 System Retirement and Material Recycling/Disposal 129
2.16 Summary 131

3 System Design Requirements 141
3.1 Development of Design Requirements and Design-to Criteria 144
3.2 Development of Specifications 145
3.3 The Integration of System Design Activities 151
3.4 Selected Design Engineering Disciplines 154
3.5 SOS Integration and Interoperability Requirements 229
3.6 Summary 231

4 Engineering Design Methods and Tools 247
4.1 Conventional Design Practices 250
4.2 Analytical Methods 253
4.3 The Internet and Emerging Technologies 254
4.4 Current Design Technologies and Tools 255
4.5 Computer-Aided Design (CAD) 260
4.6 Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) 269
4.7 Computer-Aided Support (CAS) 271
4.8 Computer-Aided Tool Lists 272
4.9 Computer-Aided Intelligence 273
4.10 Summary 275

5 Design Review and Evaluation 281
5.1 Design Review and Evaluation Requirements 282
5.2 Informal Day-to-Day Review and Evaluation 285
5.3 Formal Design Reviews 291
5.4 The Design Change and System Modification Process 297
5.5 Supplier Review and Evaluation 301
5.6 Trends in Systems Reviews 303
5.7 Summary 303

6 Systems Engineering Program Planning 307
6.1 Systems Engineering Program Requirements 310
6.2 Systems Engineering Management Plan (SEMP) 313
6.3 Determination of Outsourcing Requirements 369
6.4 Integration of Design Specialty Plans 390
6.5 Interfaces with Other Program Activities 392
6.6 Management Methods/Tools 396
6.7 Risk Management Plan 398
6.8 Decision-Making for Management and Engineers 402
6.9 Global Applications/Relationships 405
6.10 Summary 406

7 Organization for Systems Engineering 415
7.1 Developing the Organizational Structure 416
7.2 Customer, Producer, and Supplier Relationships 417
7.3 Customer Organization and Functions 419
7.4 Producer Organization and Functions (The Contractor) 421
7.5 Tailoring the Process 438
7.6 Supplier Organization and Functions 448
7.7 Human Resource Requirements 454
7.8 Is Systems Engineering Worth the Effort? 466
7.9 Summary 468

8 Systems Engineering Program Evaluation 475
8.1 Evaluation Requirements 476
8.2 Benchmarking 477
8.3 Evaluation of the Systems Engineering Organization 479CONTENTS xi
8.4 Program Reporting, Feedback, and Control 485
8.5 Summary 486
Questions and Problems 487
Notes 488

Appendix A Functional Analysis (Case-Study Examples) 491
Appendix B Cost Process and Models 499
Appendix C Selected Case Studies (12 Examples) 535
Appendix D Design Review Checklist 593
Appendix E Supplier Evaluation Checklist 617
Appendix F Selected Bibliography 625

Index 637