Preface xix

Part I: Understanding Lifestyle Diseases and Dietary Approaches 1

1 Lifestyle Diseases: Introduction, Types, and Risk Factors 3
Ankush Goyal, Arvinder Pal Singh, Preeti Aneja and Subhash Chander

1.1 Introduction 4
1.2 Types of Lifestyle Diseases 6
1.3 Risk Factors for Lifestyle Diseases 11
1.4 Conclusion and Future Directions 17

2 Superfoods and Dietary Supplements: Prevention and Management of Lifestyle Diseases 25
Ankit Ganeshpurkar, Aditya Ganeshpurkar, Nischal Saxena and Nazneen Dubey

2.1 Introduction 26
2.2 Essential Nutrients and Their Functions 28
2.3 Dietary Deficiencies and Their Impact on Health 28
2.4 Superfoods: Classification and Benefits 30
2.5 Dietary Supplements: Types and Mechanisms 35
2.6 Superfoods and Supplements in Disease Prevention 36
2.7 Dietary Supplements for Bone Health 43
2.8 Regulation of Dietary Supplements 45
2.9 Safety Considerations of Dietary Supplements and Superfoods 46
2.10 Conclusion 47

3 Millets: A Boon for Human Health 55
Aswin Viswanath, Adarsh Sahu, Anakha S., Revathi M., Shweta Mishra and Saurabh Singh

3.1 Introduction 56
3.2 Nutritional Composition of Millets 61
3.3 Chemical Composition of Millets 62
3.4 Pharmacological Properties of Millets 71
3.5 Millets as Food and Nutrition 78
3.6 Millet Recipes from Various States Indigenous Community 78
3.7 Patents in Relation to Millets 81
3.8 Summary 84

Part II: Fundamentals of Herbal Medicines 91

4 Herbal Drugs: Introduction, Chemistry, and Applications 93
Shweta Mishra, Ramandeep Kaur and Adarsh Sahu

4.1 Introduction 94
4.2 Historical Perspective of Herbal Drugs 95
4.3 Benefits and Risks of Herbal Drugs 96
4.4 Chemistry of Various Classes of Herbal Drugs 96
4.5 Application of Herbal Drugs in Lifestyle-Related Diseases 105
4.6 Problems with the Use of Herbal Drugs 115
4.7 Conclusion 116

Part III: Herbal Medicines in the Management of Major Lifestyle Diseases 125

5 Therapeutic Applications of Herbal Medicines in the Management of Cancer 127
Meenakshi Dhanawat, Garima, Kashish Wilson, Pradip Nirbhavane and Atin Kalra

5.1 Introduction 128
5.2 Herbal Medicine with Anticancer Effects 129
5.3 Clinical Applications of Herbal Remedy with Anticancer Effects 139
5.4 Herbal Supplements as Adjuvants in Existing Cancer Therapies 140
5.5 Future Directions that May Open New Opportunities for Natural Products 143
5.6 Conclusion 145

6 Herbal Medicines in Management and Therapeutic Application for Diabetes 159
Devyani Rajput, Umesh Kumar Patil and Mandeep Kumar Singh

6.1 Introduction 160
6.2 Risk Factors for DM 161x Contents
6.3 Types of DM 163
6.4 Conventional Treatment and Its Drawbacks 168
6.5 Herbal Medicines with Antidiabetic Effects 170
6.6 Bioactive Phytochemicals and Proposed Mechanisms 186
6.7 Challenges and Future Perspectives for Antidiabetic Phytomedicines 189
6.8 Conclusion 190

7 Herbal Medicines in the Management and Therapeutic Application for Cardiovascular Diseases 203
Atri I., Pandey S. P., Patil B., Sagar R., Shukla T. and Upmanyu N.

7.1 Introduction 204
7.2 Herbs: From Tradition to Modern Heart Medicine 205
7.3 Medicines Prepared from Herbs 206
7.4 Herbal Medicines in the Management and Therapeutic Application for CVDs 208
7.5 Safety, Toxicology, and Regulation of Cardiovascular Herbal Medicines 219
7.6 Policies and Regulation 222
7.7 Future Perspectives and Research Directions 225
7.8 Conclusion 230

8 Herbal Medicines in the Management and Therapeutic Application for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 243
Harshal Prajapati, Shubhangi Nema, Bharti Choudhary, Rupanshi Sahu, Swati Jain, Ram Babu Tripathi and Vikas Pandey

8.1 Introduction 244
8.2 Various Factors Affecting IBD 247
8.3 Different Plants Utilized in the Management of IBD 252

9 Herbal Medicines in the Management and Therapeutic Application for Psychological Disorders 259
Arumilli Swetha, Kuttiappan Anitha, Nagaraju Bandaru and Neeraj Mishra

9.1 Introduction 260
9.2 Mechanisms of Action 262
9.3 Preclinical Evidence 267
9.4 Psychological Disorders and Their Symptoms 269
9.5 Mechanisms of Action of Herbal Medicines in Psychological Disorders 271
9.6 Clinical Studies Investigating the Efficacy of Herbal Medicines in Treating Psychological Disorders 273
9.7 Challenges and Future Directions in the Use of Herbal Medicines for Psychological Disorders 274
9.8 Conclusion and Summary 275

10 Herbal Medicines in the Management and Therapeutic Application for Respiratory Ailments 283
Rushendran R. and Chitra Vellapandian

10.1 Introduction 284
10.2 Common Respiratory Ailments and Their Pathophysiology 285
10.3 Herbal Medicines in Respiratory Ailments 287
10.4 Synergistic Effects and Polyherbal Formulations 302
10.5 Evidence-Based Studies 303
10.6 Challenges and Future Perspectives 304
10.7 Conclusion 304

11 Herbal Medicines in the Management and Therapeutic Application for Liver and GIT Disease 311
Pushpendra Kumar Khangar, Vivek Daniel and Kratika Daniel

11.1 Introduction 312
11.2 Introduction of Hepatoprotective Herbal Medicines 314
11.3 GIT Herbal Remedies 316
11.4 Herbal Formulations and Dosing 319
11.5 Herbal Medicines for Viral Hepatitis 319
11.6 The Use of Herbal Combination in Viral Hepatitis Treatment 321
11.7 Human and Animal Studies 323
11.8 Herbal Remedies for Hepatocellular Carcinoma 329
11.9 Herbal Medicines in the Prevention and Management of Cholelithiasis 332
11.10 Conclusion 334

12 Herbal Medicines in the Management and Therapeutic Application for Reproductive Diseases 343
S. Mohana Lakshmi and C. K. Ashok Kumar

12.1 Introduction 344
12.2 Role of Herbal Medicine in Infertility Management 346
12.3 Key Herbs for Male Infertility Treatment 349
12.4 Female Infertility and Herbal Remedies 353
12.5 Key Herbs for Female Infertility Treatment 355
12.6 Clinical Evidence and Case Studies 356
12.7 Bioactive Compounds in Herbal Medicine for Reproductive Health 357
12.8 Traditional Medicine and Modern Integration 358
12.9 Studies on Cases and Clinical Trials 359
12.10 Future Directions 361Contents xv
12.11 Conclusion 361

13 Herbal Medicine in the Management and Therapeutic Applications for Bone-Related Disorders 373
Neelam, Kalpana Baghel and Zaffar Azam

14 Herbal Medicines in the Management of Obesity 397
Mirunalini Gobinath, L. Priyanka Dwarampudi, Shanmugam R., Subhajit Dutta, Parikshit Roychowdhury and Swati Swagatika Swain

14.1 Introduction 398
14.2 Etiology and Pathogenesis of Obesity 399
14.3 Conventional Treatments and Surgical Procedures for Obesity 401
14.4 Herbal Medicine That Has Potential Antiobesity Properties 404
14.5 Current Research in Obesity Management 413
14.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 416

Part IV: Evolving Approaches and Future Outlook 425

15 The Journey of Herbal Medicine from a Traditional to Modern Treatment Approach for Lifestyle Disorders 427
Alok Kumar Mahor, Prem Prakash Singh and Man Singh

15.1 Introduction 428
15.2 Herbal Medicines in the Management of Lifestyle Diseases 438
15.3 A Holistic Approach to Lifestyle Disease Management 446
15.4 Future Considerations 448
15.5 Conclusion 448
15.6 Glossary of Terms 450

16 Current Trends and Future Perspectives on Herbal Medicines 465
Alok Sharma, Ishrat Jahan, Anurag, Alimuddin Saifi, Rakesh Chawla and Vibhu Sahani

16.1 Introduction 466
16.2 Herbal Medicine 467
16.3 Current Status of Herbal Medicine 469
16.4 Chronic Diseases and Inflammation 473Contents xvii
16.5 Chronic Diseases and Role of Flavonoids 477
16.6 In Vitro Experimental Approaches 488
16.7 In Vitro Studies on Flavonoid-Mediated Signaling Modulation 489
16.8 Animal Models and Preclinical Investigations 490
16.9 Human Clinical Trials: Efficacy and Safety of Flavonoid Interventions 495
16.10 Mechanism of Action 496
16.11 Future Research Directions for Improved Flavonoid Use 498
16.12 Conclusion 504

17 Herbal Medicine–Based Management of Lifestyle Diseases: Regulatory Aspects, Clinical Trials, and Patents 519
Mohini Kalra and C. K. Ashok Kumar

17.1 Introduction 520
17.2 Regulatory Aspect 525
17.3 Clinical Trials for Herbal Drugs: Overview and Key Considerations 533
17.4 Patents for Herbal Drugs: Overview and Considerations 537

References 541
Index 547