About the Author xiii
About the Book xv
1 Broadband Internet, QoS, and Cybersecurity 1
1.1 Internet Architectures 1
1.2 Fundamental Internet Technologies 5
1.3 Transition to IPv6 15
1.4 Web Technologies (Web 3.0, HTTP 3.0) 17
1.5 Internet QoS 20
1.6 Cybersecurity 24
1.7 Fixed and Mobile Broadband Networks 28
1.8 General IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem) 37
1.9 3D Internet Access – Converged Fixed, Mobile, and Satellite Broadband 39
1.10 Internet Governance 41
2 Artificial Intelligence (AI) Fundamentals for Telecom Sector 45
2.1 Artificial Intelligence (AI) Evolution in Telecom Sector 45
2.2 Types of Artificial Intelligence 47
2.3 Classification of ML Algorithms 50
2.4 Machine Learning (ML) Model by ITU 54
2.5 Federated Learning (FL) 56
2.6 Generative Artificial Intelligence 59
2.7 Application of Generative AI in Internet and Telecoms 63
2.8 Explainable AI (XAI) and Responsible AI Use 67
2.9 ITU's Network Intelligence Levels 69
2.10 Business Intent-Driven Networks 70
3 Future AI-Based Clouds and Internet of Things 75
3.1 ITU Framework for Cloud and Edge Computing 75
3.2 Cloud Service Models 79
3.3 AI as a Service (AIaaS) and ML as a Service (MLaaS) 80
3.4 Architecture for AI Cloud Platform 83
3.5 AI-Based Telecom Cloud Services 86
3.6 Future Telecom Transition to AI-Based Cloud Computing 87
3.7 Artificial Intelligence in Internet of Things (IoT) 91
3.8 Edge AI and Edge Cloud in IoT 94
3.9 Industrial IoT–AI Framework 96
3.10 AI for IoT Smart Services 100
4 AI for 5G/6G, Spectrum Management, QoS, and Cybersecurity 105
4.1 AI for Network and Capacity Planning and Optimization in 5G/6G 105
4.2 AI/ML-Based Spectrum Management in 5G/6G 112
4.3 AI/ML for Dynamic Spectrum Sharing in 5G/6G 115
4.4 Predictive Analytics and Traffic Forecasting 118
4.5 AI/ML-Based QoS/QoE Management 120
4.6 SDN, Network Functions Virtualization (NFV), and Orchestration 124
4.7 AI/ML-Based Network Slicing in 5G/6G Mobile Networks 127
4.8 AI for Cybersecurity Optimization, Threat Detection, and Response 131
4.9 AI for Fraud Detection and Prevention 134
4.10 AI-Driven Network Automation and Management 136
4.11 Regulatory and Business Impact of AI in Future Internet and Telecoms 140
5 Metaverse and Enabling Technologies: XR, Digital Twins, IoT, and AI 147
5.1 ITU's Definition and Architecture of Metaverse 147
5.2 Internet/IP Networks for Metaverse 150
5.3 Web 4.0 and Virtual Worlds 153
5.4 Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) 155
5.5 eXtended Reality (XR) 159
5.6 Digital Twins 163
5.7 ITU Framework of IoT for Metaverse 167
5.8 Cloud and Edge Computing for Metaverse XR Services 170
5.9 AI Impact on Metaverse 173
5.10 Key Business and Regulatory Aspects of the Metaverse 174
6 Metaverse Cybersecurity 181
6.1 Cyber Risks, Threats, and Harms in the Metaverse 181
6.2 AI and Generative AI for Metaverse Cybersecurity 183
6.3 Challenges to Trustworthiness in the Metaverse 187
6.4 Securing and Enforcing Content Moderation in Virtual Spaces 189
6.5 Digital Identity Management in the Metaverse 194
6.6 Security for Devices and Immersive Technologies Across Metaverse 196
6.7 Cybersecurity for Digital Assets and Virtual Economies 198
6.8 Blockchain Security and Quantum-Resistant Cryptography 199
6.9 Cross-Platform Security in the Metaverse 205
6.10 Future Cybersecurity Strategies for Metaverse, Internet, and Telecoms 207
6.11 ITU National Cybersecurity Strategy Framework 207
7 Future 6G and Mobile Metaverse Services 211
7.1 ITU IMT-2030 Framework, Architecture and Capabilities for 6G 211
7.2 Immersive Communication 215
7.3 Hyper-Reliable and Low-Latency Communication (HRLLC) 218
7.4 Massive Communication (Batteryless IoT in 6G) 220
7.5 Ubiquitous Connectivity (3D Global Coverage in 6G) 222
7.6 Artificial Intelligence and Communication (AI-Native 6G Network) 222
7.7 Integrated Sensing and Communication 224
7.8 Deterministic Networking and Time-Sensitive Networks in 6G 226
7.9 Energy Efficiency in 6G Networks and Metaverse 230
7.10 Consumer Mobile Metaverse Services 234
7.11 Enterprise Mobile Metaverse Services 237
7.12 Industrial Mobile Metaverse Services 239
7.13 IoT with Mobile Edge Computing 241
7.14 Telecom 6G Operator vs. OTT (Over The Top) Mobile Metaverse Services 244
8 QoS and KPIs for Future Metaverse, Internet, and Telecoms 249
8.1 QoS, QoE, and Network Performance Definitions by the ITU 249
8.2 QoS and KPIs for 6G/IMT-2030 254
8.3 KPIs for Future Metaverse Services 260
8.4 Consolidated KPIs for Mobile Metaverse Services 262
8.5 Challenges in Measuring and Managing QoS/QoE in the Metaverse 263
8.6 QoS and QoE Measurements for Future Metaverse, Internet, and Telecom Services 265
8.7 Future AI-Driven Traffic and QoS Management 270
8.8 Personalized QoS and QoE Management for Future Users and Services 272
8.9 Edge Computing and QoS in the Metaverse 276
8.10 QoS vs. Network Neutrality in Future Internet and Metaverse 278
8.11 Regulatory and Business Aspects of QoS for Future Metaverse, Internet, and Telecoms 282
9 Conclusions 289
References 293
Index 295