About the Authors xvii

Other Wiley and IEEE Press Books on Related Topics xix

Preface xxi

Acknowledgments xxiii

1 Introduction 1

1.1 A Brief Introduction to Compression Theory 1

1.2 Introduction to Video Formats 2

1.3 Evolution of Video Compression Standards 5

1.4 Video Communications 15

1.5 Organization of the Monograph 17

I Video Codecs for HSDPA-style Adaptive Videophones 19

2 Fractal Image Codecs 21

2.1 Fractal Principles 21

2.2 One-dimensional Fractal Coding 23

2.3 Error Sensitivity and Complexity 32

2.4 Summary and Conclusions 33

3 Low Bitrate DCT Codecs and HSDPA-style Videophone Transceivers 35

3.1 Video Codec Outline 35

3.2 The Principle of Motion Compensation 37

3.3 Transform Coding 51

3.4 The Codec Outline 58

3.5 Initial Intra-frame Coding 60

3.6 Gain-controlled Motion Compensation 60

3.7 TheMCER Active/Passive Concept 61

3.8 Partial Forced Update of? the Reconstructed FrameBuffers 62

3.9 The Gain/Cost-controlled Inter-frame Codec 64

3.10 The Bit-allocation Strategy 66

3.11 Results 67

3.12 DCT Codec Performance under Erroneous Conditions 70

3.13 DCT-based Low-rate Video Transceivers 72

3.14 System Performance 80

3.15 Summary and Conclusions 89

4 Very Low Bitrate VQ Codecs and HSDPA-style Videophone Transceivers 93

4.1 Introduction 93

4.2 The Codebook Design 93

4.3 The Vector Quantizer Design 95

4.4 Performance under Erroneous Conditions 105

4.5 VQ-based Low-rate Video Transceivers 107

4.6 System Performance 113

4.7 Joint Iterative Decoding of Trellis-based Vector-quantized Video and TCM 118

4.8 Summary and Conclusions 136

5 Low Bitrate Quad-tree-based Codecs and HSDPA-style Videophone Transceivers 139

5.1 Introduction 139

5.2 Quad-tree Decomposition 139

5.3 Quad-tree Intensity Match 142

5.4 Model-based Parametric Enhancement 148

5.5 The Enhanced QTCodec 153

5.6 Performance and Considerations under Erroneous Conditions 154

5.7 QT-codec-based Video Transceivers 158

5.8 QT-based Video-transceiver Performance 162

5.9 Summary of QT-based Video Transceivers 165

5.10 Summary of Low-rate Video Codecs and Transceivers 166

II High-resolution Video Coding 171

6 Low-complexity Techniques 173

6.1 Differential Pulse Code Modulation 173

6.2 Block Truncation Coding 177

6.3 Subband Coding 183

6.4 Summary and Conclusions 202

7 High-resolution DCT Coding 205

7.1 Introduction 205

7.2 Intra-frame Quantizer Training 205

7.3 Motion Compensation for High-quality Images 209

7.4 Inter-frame DCT Coding 215

7.5 The Proposed Codec 224

7.6 Summary and Conclusions 235

III H.261, H.263, H.264, MPEG2 and MPEG4 for HSDPA-style Wireless Video Telephony
and DVB 237

8 H.261 for HSDPA-style Wireless Video Telephony 239

8.1 Introduction 239

8.2 TheH.261VideoCoding Standard 239

8.3 Effect of Transmission Errors on theH.261Codec 253

8.4 A Reconfigurable Wireless Videophone System 272

8.5 H.261-basedWireless Videophone System Performance 283

8.6 Summary and Conclusions 293

9 Comparative Study of the H.261 and H.263 Codecs 295

9.1 Introduction 295

9.2 TheH.263CodingAlgorithms 297

9.3 Performance Results 318

9.4 Summary and Conclusions 335

10 H.263 for HSDPA-style Wireless Video Telephony 339

10.1 Introduction 339

10.2 H.263inaMobileEnvironment 339

10.3 Design of an Error-resilient Reconfigurable Videophone System 343

10.4 H.263-based Video System Performance 352

10.5 Transmission Feedback 367

10.6 Summary and Conclusions 376

11 MPEG-4 Video Compression 379

11.1 Introduction 379

11.2 OverviewofMPEG-4 380

11.3 MPEG-4: Content-based Interactivity 387

11.4 Scalability of Video Objects 396

11.5 Video Quality Measures 398

11.6 Effect of Coding Parameters 400

11.7 Summary and Conclusion 404

12 Comparative Study of the MPEG-4 and H.264 Codecs 407

12.1 Introduction 407

12.2 TheITU-TH.264Project 407

12.3 H.264VideoCodingTechniques 408

12.4 H.264SpecificCodingAlgorithm 410

12.5 Comparative Study of theMPEG-4 and H.264 Codecs 425

12.6 Performance Results 428

13 MPEG-4 Bitstream and Bit-sensitivity Study 437

13.1 Motivation 437

13.2 Structure of Coded Visual Data 437

13.3 Visual Bitstream Syntax 440

13.4 Introduction to Error-resilient Video Encoding 441

13.5 Error-resilient Video Coding in MPEG-4 441

13.6 Error-resilience Tools in MPEG-4 443

13.7 MPEG-4Bit-sensitivityStudy 448

13.8 Chapter Conclusions 457

14 HSDPA-like and Turbo-style Adaptive Single- and Multi-carrier Video Systems 459

14.1 Turbo-equalized H.263-based Videophony for GSM/GPRS 459

14.2 HSDPA-style Burst-by-burst Adaptive CDMA Videophony: Turbo-coded Burst-by-burst Adaptive Joint Detection CDMA and H.263-based Videophony 472

14.3 Subband-adaptive Turbo-coded OFDM-based Interactive Videotelephony 485

14.4 Burst-by-burst Adaptive Decision Feedback Equalized TCM, TTCM, and BICM for H.263-assistedWireless Videotelephony 506

14.5 Turbo-detected MPEG-4 Video Using Multi-level Coding, TCM and STTC 526

14.6 Near-capacity Irregular Variable Length Codes 543

14.7 Digital Terrestrial Video Broadcasting for Mobile Receivers 558

14.8 Satellite-based Video Broadcasting 601

14.9 Summary and Conclusions 622

14.10WirelessVideoSystemDesignPrinciples 623

Glossary 625

Bibliography 635

Index 659

Author Index 667