CHAPTER 1 MASS SPECTROMETRY 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Instrumentation 2
1.3 Ionization Methods 3
1.4 Mass Analyzers 8
1.5 Interpretation of EI Mass Spectra 12
1.6 Mass Spectra of Some Chemical Classes 18
References 37
Student Exercises 37
Appendices 46

CHAPTER 2 INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY 71
2.1 Introduction 71
2.2 Theory 71
2.3 Instrumentation 76
2.4 Sample Handling 77
2.5 Interpretation of Spectra 78
2.6 Characteristic Group Absorptions of Organic Molecules 81
References 108
Student Exercises 108
Appendices 118

CHAPTER 3 PROTON (1H) MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 126
3.1 Introduction 126
3.2 Theory 126
3.3 Instrumentation and Sample Handling 129
3.4 Chemical Shift 132
3.5 Spin-Spin Coupling, Multiplets, and Spin Systems 137
3.6 Protons on Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Sulfur Atoms: Exchangeable Protons 144
3.7 Coupling of Protons to Other Important Nuclei (19F, D (2H), 31P, 29Si, and 13C) 149
3.8 Chemical Equivalence 150
3.9 Magnetic Equivalence 154
3.10 AMX, ABX, and ABC Rigid Systems with Three Coupling Constants 155
3.11 Weakly and Strongly Coupled Systems: Virtual Coupling 156
3.12 Chirality 158
3.13 Magnitude of Vicinal and Geminal Coupling Constants 160
3.14 Long-Range Coupling 162
3.15 Selective Spin Decoupling: Double Resonance 162
3.16 Nuclear Overhauser Effect 162
3.17 Conclusion 163
References 164
Student Exercises 164
Appendices 175

CHAPTER 4 CARBON-13 NMR SPECTROSCOPY 191
4.1 Introduction 191
4.2 Theory 191
4.3 Interpretation of a Simple 13C NMR Spectrum: Diethyl Phthalate 198
4.4 Quantitative 13C Analysis 198
4.5 Chemical Equivalence 200
4.6 DEPT 200
4.7 Chemical Classes and Chemical Shifts 203
References 214
Student Exercises 214
Appendices 225

CHAPTER 5 TWO-DIMENSIONAL NMR SPECTROSCOPY 230
5.1 Introduction 230
5.2 Theory 231
5.3 Correlation Spectroscopy 233
5.4 Ipsenol: 1H-1H COSY 235
5.5 Caryophyllene Oxide 243
5.6 13C-13C Correlations: INADEQUATE 249
5.7 Lactose 251
5.8 Relayed Coherence Transfer: TOCSY 254
5.9 HMQC-TOCSY 259
5.10 ROESY 259
5.10.1 ROESY: Lactose 259
5.11 VGSE 262
5.12 Pulsed Field Gradient NMR 265
References 268
Student Exercises 268

CHAPTER 6 MULTINUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 298
6.1 Introduction and General Considerations 298
6.2 15N Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 299
6.3 19F Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 306
6.4 29Si Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 309
6.5 31P Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 312
6.6 Conclusions 315
References 315
Student Exercises 315
Appendix 320

CHAPTER 7 SOLVED PROBLEMS 325
7.1 Introduction 325
Problem 7.1 Discussion 329
Problem 7.2 Discussion 333
Problem 7.3 Discussion 337
Problem 7.4 Discussion 344
Problem 7.5 Discussion 350
Problem 7.6 Discussion 356
Student Exercises 357

CHAPTER 8 ASSIGNED PROBLEMS 364
8.1 Introduction 364
INDEX 453