Introduction, Part I: Theoretical Background, 1 Authoritarianism in Modern Society, 2 Social Mobilization and Political Change, 3 Middle-Class Authoritarianism and Fascism: Europe and Latin America, 4 Lower-Class Authoritarianism and National Populism, Part II: A Case Study of National Populism and a Comparison with Classic Fascism, 5 Political Traditions and Social Mobilization at the Root of a National Populist Movement: Argentine Peronism, 6 Structural Change, Fascist Attempts, and the Rise of Lower Classes and National Populism7 Political, Cultural, and Structural Changes in the Rise of Liberal Populism and National Populism, 8 Middle Classes, Working Classes, and Social Mobilization in the Rise of Italian Fascism: A Comparison with the Argentine Case, Part III: Mobilization From Above 9 Political Socialization of Youth in Fascist Regimes: Italy and Spain.