Foreword vii

Preface ix

Acknowledgments xi

Part One Problem Seeking an Architectural Programming Primer 1

Overview 2

The Primer 2

The Search 4

Programmers and Designers 6

Analysis and Synthesis 8

The Separation 10

The Interface 12

Process 14

Five Steps 14

Procedure 16

Considerations 18

The Whole Problem 18

Four Considerations 20

Framework 22

Information 24

Information Index Matrix 26

Organizing Information 28

Two-Phase Process 30

Data Clog 32

Processing and Discarding 34

Participation 36

User on Team 36

Effective Group Action 38

Team 40

Participatory Process 42

Background Information 43

Decision Making 44

Communication 46

Steps 48

Establish Goals 48

Collect and Analyze Facts 50

Uncover and Test Concepts 52

Determine Needs 66

Cost Estimate Analysis 68

Abstract to the Essence 70

State the Problem 72

Summary 74

Programming Principles 74

Part Two How to Use the Method 77

Introduction 78

Definitions and Examples 78

On Theory and Process 80

On Considerations 85

On Goals 85

On Facts 89

On Concepts 90

On Needs 96

On Problem Statements 124

Programming Procedures 146

Establish Goals 146

Collect and Analyze Facts 148

Uncover and Test Concepts 150

Determine Needs 152

State the Problem 153

Programming Activities 154

Typical Programming Activities 154

Four Degrees of Sophistication 164

Variable Conditions 168

How to Simplify Design Problems 170

Useful Techniques 172

Data Management 173

Questionnaires184

Interviews and Work Sessions 194

Audio- and Videoconferencing 206

Functional Relationship Analysis 208

Gaming and Simulation 210

Space Lists 216

Program Development 222

Brown Sheets and Visualization 231

Analysis Cards and Wall Displays 236

Electronic White Boards and Flip Charts 246

Electronic Presentations 253

Programming Reports 255

Program Evaluation 256

Building Evaluation 260

Selected Bibliography 265

Index 267

About The Authors 273