Chapter 1 Syntax
7 Raising and Control Constructions?10
7.1. Raising and Control Predicates ··································································································· 10
7.2. Differences between Raising and Control Verbs ······································································· 11

8 Control Theory?18
8.1. Introduction ···································································································································· 18
8.2. Obligatory and Nonobligatory Control ························································································ 18
8.3. Restrictions on the Controller ······································································································ 20

9 Binding Theory?23
9.1. The Basic Concepts of Binding Theory ····················································································· 23
9.2. The Notions Coindex and Antecedent ······················································································· 24
9.3. Binding ··········································································································································· 25
9.4. Locality Conditions on the Binding of Anaphors ······································································· 27
9.5. The Distribution of Pronouns ······································································································· 28
9.6. The Distribution of R-Expressions ······························································································ 29

10 Case Theory?31
10.1. Morphological Case and Abstract Case ·················································································· 31
10.2. Complements: ACCUSATIVE [V and P as Case Assigners] ················································ 32
10.3. Subjects: NOMINATIVE and ACCUSATIVE ·············································································· 33
10.4. Exceptional Case-marking ······································································································ 35
10.5. Adjectives and Nouns: Of-insertion ························································································ 36
10.6. Adjacency and Case Assignment ··························································································· 38
10.7. Case and Passivization ·············································································································· 39
10.8. The Double Object Construction ······························································································· 41
10.9. Movement and Chains ··············································································································· 41
10.10. Summary ··································································································································· 42

11 Prepositional Verbs and Phrasal Verbs?44
11.1. Structural differences between prepositional verb and phrasal verb ·································· 44
12 Tough-Movement & Raising Sentences?52
12.1. Tough Movement Sentences ··································································································· 52
12.2. Subject Raising Sentences ········································································································ 53
12.3. Sentences That Look like Tough Movement or Subject Raising Structures ························· 55

13 Trace?57
13.1. WANNA Contraction ··················································································································· 57
13.2. HAVE Contraction ······················································································································· 58

14 Complementizers?60
14.1. Complementisers ······················································································································· 60

15 Ambiguity?62
15.1. Ambiguity ····································································································································· 62
15.2. Lexical and structural ambiguity ······························································································· 64

Chapter 2 Grammar

10 Multiword Verbs?70
10.2. PHRASAL VERBS ······················································································································· 70
10.3. PREPOSITIONAL VERBS ············································································································ 73
10.4. PHRASAL PREPOSITIONAL VERBS ·························································································· 73
10.5. The distinction between prepositional verbs and phrasal verbs ········································· 74
10.6. Type II prepositional verbs (Ditranstive): Passivization ··························································· 75

11 Adjectives?77
11.1. Ordering of adjectives in premodification ················································································· 77
11.2. Adjectives and participles ········································································································· 78
11.3. Semantic subclassification of adjectives ················································································· 79
11.4. The unmarked term in measure expressions ········································································ 80

12 Adverbials: The Grammatical Functions of Adverbials?82
12.1. Subjuncts ····································································································································· 82
12.2. Disjuncts ······································································································································ 84

13 Aspect?87
13.1. Introduction ·································································································································· 87
13.2. Four Basic Aspectual Classes ································································································· 87
13.3. Rules concerning Aspectual Adverbial Phrases ····································································· 89
13.4. In adverbials ······························································································································ 92

14 Pronoun?95
14.1. The reflexives ···························································································································· 95
14.2. Specific reference ····················································································································· 97

15 Focus?98
15.1. Dislocation ··································································································································· 98
15.2. Extraposition is not right dislocation ························································································· 99
15.3. Preposing and Postposing ······································································································ 100

Appendix
Key Terms & Definition?104
Chapter 1 Phonetics and Phonology
6 Phonetics and Phonology?130
6.1. Prosody · · · · · · · ·130
6.2. Prosodic Features ·· 132
6.3. Stress: Introduction · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 132
6.4. Word Stress · · · · · · · · · · · 134
6.5. Sentence and Phrase Stress · · ·135
6.6. The Rhythm of English · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·135
7 Syllables and Syllabification?140
7.1. Syllable Structure · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 140
7.2. Sonority · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·144
7.3. Syllabification · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·145
7.4. Syllable Weight and Ambisyllabicity · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 146
8 Phonotactics?150
8.1. Single onsets · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 151
8.2. Single Codas · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·151
8.3. Double onsets · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 152
8.4. Sonority Sequencing Principle (SSP) · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 155
8.5. Triple onsets · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 156
8.6. Double codas · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 157
8.7. Triple codas · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 161
9 General Stress Patterns?166
9.1. Noun and Adjective Stress · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 167
9.2. Verb Stress · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·169
9.3. English Stress and Affixes · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·172
9.4. Secondary Stress · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·175
9.5. More on the Trochaic Metrical Foot · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·176
9.6. Representing Metrical Structure · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·176
9.7. The Rhythm of English: Stress Timing and Eurhythmy · · · · · 178
10 Intonation?184
10.1. Intonation Patterns · · · · · · · · · · · · 185
10.2. Sentence Types and their Unmarked and Marked Intonation Patterns · ·191
Chapter 2 Morphology 3 Morphological Processes?200
3.1. Compounding · · · · · · · · · · 201
3.2. Back-Formation · · · · · · · ·203
3.3. Conversion, Function Shift, Zero Derivation · · · · ·204
3.4. Affixation · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 205
3.5. Clipping · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 206
3.6. Blending · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·206
3.7. Acronym and Abbreviation · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·206
3.8. Word Coinage · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 207
4 Morphological Analysis?210
Chapter 3 Semantics 3 Lexical Semantics?214
3.1. Reference and Sense · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·215
3.2. Lexical Semantic Relations · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 215
3.3. Semantic Features · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·221
3.4. Broadening and Narrowing of Meaning in Language Change · · ·224
3.5. Overextension and Underextension of Meaning in Language Acquisition · · · 225
4 Ambiguity?230 4.1. Lexical Ambiguity · · · · · · · · · · ·231
4.2. Structural Ambiguity · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 233
4.3. Referential Ambiguity · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·237
4.4. Scope Ambiguity · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 238
4.5. Transformationally Induced Ambiguity · · · · · 239
5 Noncompositional Meaning?241 5.1. Anomaly · · · · 241
5.2. Metaphor· · · · · · · · · · · · ·242
5.3. Idioms · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 243
6 Event Semantics?247 6.1. Events and States · · · · ·247
6.2. Telic and Atelic · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·248
Chapter 4 Pragmatics 3 Speech Acts?256 4 Discourse Analysis?263
4.1. Cohesion and Coherence · · · · · · · · · ·264
4.2. Background Knowledge: Schemata and Scripts · 266
Chapter 5 Sociolinguistics 2 Language in Use (2)?272
2.1. Taboo · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·272
2.2. Euphemisms · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·273