Preface to the Fourth Edition xix

Introduction xxi

Part I Atmospheric Flows, Extreme Wind Speeds, Bluff Body Aerodynamics 1

1 Atmospheric Circulations 3

2 The Atmospheric Boundary Layer 17

3 Extreme Wind Speeds 55

4 Bluff Body Aerodynamics 73

5 Aerodynamic Testing 105

6 Computational Wind Engineering 135

7 Uncertainties in Wind Engineering Data 157

Part II Design of Buildings 167

8 Structural Design for Wind 169

9 Stiffness Matrices, Second-Order Effects, and Influence Coefficients 179

10 Aerodynamic Loads 183

11 Dynamic and Effective Wind-Induced Loads 195

12 Wind Load Factors and Design Mean Recurrence Intervals 203

13 Wind Effects with Specified MRIs: DCIs, Inter-Story Drift, and Accelerations 211

14 Equivalent Static Wind Loads 219

15 Wind-Induced Discomfort in and Around Buildings 225

16 Mitigation of Building Motions 251

17 Rigid Portal Frames 259

18 Tall Buildings 267

Part III Aeroelastic Effects 283

19 Vortex-Induced Vibrations 287

20 Galloping and Torsional Divergence 297

21 Flutter 305

22 Slender Chimneys and Towers 315

23 Suspended-Span Bridges 331

Part IV Other Structures and Special Topics 347

24 Trussed Frameworks and Plate Girders 349

25 Offshore Structures 367

26 Tensile Membrane Structures 385

27 Tornado Wind and Atmospheric Pressure Change Effects 389

28 Tornado- and Hurricane-Borne Missile Speeds 399

Appendices 409

Appendix A Elements of Probability and Statistics 411

A.1 Introduction 411

A.2 Fundamental Relations 412

A.3 Random Variables and Probability Distributions 415

A.4 Descriptors of Random Variable Behavior 419

A.5 Geometric, Poisson, Normal, and Lognormal Distributions 420

A.6 Extreme Value Distributions 422

A.7 Statistical Estimates 425

A.8 Monte Carlo Methods 427

A.9 Non-Parametric Statistical Estimates 428

Appendix B Random Processes 433

B.1 Fourier Series and Fourier Integrals 433

B.2 Parseval’s Equality 435

B.3 Spectral Density Function of a Random Stationary Signal 435

B.4 Autocorrelation Function of a Random Stationary Signal 437

B.5 Cross-Covariance Function, Co-Spectrum, Quadrature Spectrum, Coherence 438

B.6 Mean Upcrossing and Outcrossing Rate for a Gaussian Process 439

B.7 Probability Distribution of the Peak Value of a Random Signal with Gaussian Marginal Distribution 441

Appendix C Peaks-Over-Threshold Poisson-Process Procedure for Estimating Peaks 443

C.1 Introduction 443

C.2 Peak Estimation by Peaks-Over-Threshold Poisson-Process Procedure 444

C.3 Dependence of Peak Estimates by BLUE Upon Number of Partitions 451

C.4 Summary 451

Appendix D Structural Dynamics 455

D.1 Introduction 455

D.2 The Single-Degree-of-Freedom Linear System 455

D.3 Continuously Distributed Linear Systems 458

D.4 Example: Along-Wind Response 463

Appendix E Structural Reliability 467

E.1 Introduction 467

E.2 The Basic Problem of Structural Safety 468

E.3 First-Order Second-Moment Approach: Load and Resistance Factors 469

E.4 Structural Strength Reserve 475

E.5 Design Criteria for Multi-Hazard Regions 477

Appendix F World Trade Center Response to Wind 481

F.1 Overview 481

F.2 NIST-Supplied Documents 482

F.3 Discussion and Comments 482

Index 487