List of Abbreviations xiii
List of Contributors xv
Table of Cases xix
I Prologue
1. General Introduction
by James Shan 3
2. The International Court of Justice as an 'Agent' of Legal Development?
by Sir Franklin Berman 7
1. Introduction 7
2. Legislative intent 8
3. The World Court's approach 10
4. The effect of the Court's judicial activity 17
5. Concluding remarks 20
II The Law of Treaties
3. The Role of the International Court of Justice in the Development of the Contemporary Law of Treaties
by Vera Gowlland-Debbas 25
1. Introduction 25
2. The Court and the diversity of forms and actors involved in treaty-making 29
3. The Court, the hierarchization of international law, and the concept of collective interest treaties 34
4. The ICJ and the unity of the international system 46
5. Concluding remarks 51
4. The International Court of Justice and State Succession to Treaties: Avoiding Principled Answers to Questions of Principle
by Andreas Zimmermann 53
1. Introduction 53
2. Distinguishing state succession from state identity/continuity in the jurisprudence of the ICJ 54
3. Treaty succession in the jurisprudence of the ICJ 57
4. Impact of the Court's jurisprudence on the law of treaty succession 68
III The Law of Claims
5. The International Court of Justice and the Law of State Responsibility
by James Crawford 71
1. Introduction 71
2. Contribution of the PCIJ to the law of state responsibility 71
3. The ICJ's first responsibility cases and the initiation of the ILC's work on responsibility 73
4. Ago's influence on the ILC's work 75
5. The introduction of the concept of obligations owed to the international community as a whole 76
6. The Court's activism in Gabckovo-Nagymaros 79
7. Reception and influence of the ILC Articles 81
8. Conclusion 85
6. Diplomatic Protection and the International Court of Justice
by Kate Parlett 87
1. Introduction 87
2. Origins of the doctrine of diplomatic protection 87
3. The inter-war period: the contours of the doctrine as shaped by the PCIJ 88
4. Diplomatic protection in the ICJ 93
5. Conclusions: progress and stagnation 105
7. Jurisdictional Immunities
by Roger O'Keefe 107
1. Introduction 107
2. Less contentious questions 109
3. More contentious questions 115
4. The ICJ versus other international lawmaking processes 146
5. Conclusion 148
IV Spatial Regimes
8. The International Court of Justice and the Law of Territory
by Malcolm N Shaw 151
1. Introduction 151
2. Sovereignty, territory, and title 152
3. Pre-colonial title 155
4. Validity of colonial tide 156
5. Self-determination and the process of decolonization 160
6. Uti possidetis 162
7. Title and boundary treaties 166
8. Relevance of the exercise of effective authority (effectivités) 168
9. Territorial integrity and secession in the post-independence situation 172
10. A role for human rights? 174
11. Conclusion 176
9. The Development of the Law of the Sea by the International Court of Justice
by Antonios Tzanakopoulos 177
1. Introduction 177
2. The development of international law by the ICJ 178
3. The agents of development of the law of the sea 179
4. Influencing the development of the law: kind and degree 185
5. Contribution of the ICJ to the development of the law of the sea 188
6. Conclusion: the Court's influence 193
V The United Nations
10. The Role of the International Court of Justice in the Development of the Institutional Law of the United Nations
by Gleider I Hemández 197
1. Introduction 197
2. The United Nations as an international organization 200
3. Powers of the principal organs 207
4. The Court's powers vis-à-vis the non-judicial principal organs 224
5. Conclusion 233
VI Armed Conflict
11. The International Court of Justice and the Use of Force
by Christine Gray 237
1. Introduction 237
2. The Court's first case on the use of force: Corfu Channel 238
3. The language of the Court in Corfu Channel and subsequent cases 240
4. The Nicaragua case 241
5. The prohibition of the use of force 246
6. Self-defence 251
7. Conclusion 260
12. The International Court of Justice and the Law of Armed Conflicts
by Cuius Kreß 263
1. Introduction 263
2. The judicial acquis: a sketch 264
3. Some reflections on the character and style of the Court's jurisprudence 280
4. The Court as a political agent and as a diplomat 290
5. Conclusion: on the Court's contribution to the development of the law of armed conflicts 295
VII Community Concerns
13. Human Rights Before the International Court of Justice: Community Interest Coming to Life?
by Bruno Simma 301
1. Introduction 301
2. The first phase: hesitation and restraint 303
3. The more recent jurisprudence: a qualitative leap? 308
4. Background and context of the Court's human rights case law 318
5. Prospects for the future 321
6. A proper role for the Court 322
14. The International Court of Justice and the Rights of Peoples and Minorities
by Gentian Zyberi 327
1. Introduction 327
2. International protection of the rights of minorities through the Permanent Court 329
3. The rights of peoples through the lens of the ICJ 338
4. Concluding remarks 351
15. The International Court of Justice and International Environmental Law
by Malgosia Fitzmaurice 353
1. Introduction 353
2. Formulating basic concepts: Corfu Channel, Barcelona Traction 355
3. Initial caution: Nuclear Tests I 358
4. Growing awareness, procedural strictures: Nauru, Nuclear Tests II 360
5. Mainstreaming international environmental law: Nuclear Weapons, Gabcíkovo-Nagymaros 363
6. Proceduralizing environmental law: Pulp Mills 370
7. The diversity of international environmental law: pending cases 372
8. The nature and relevance of the Court's contribution 373
VIII Conclusion
16. The ICJ as a 'Law-Formative Agency': Summary and Synthesis
by Christian J Tarns 377
1. Introduction 377
2. Taking stock 377
3. Explaining the Court's impact on legal development 388
4. The Court's contribution in perspective 395
Index 397