Evaluation of the Pediatric Urologic Patient. History & Physical Examination of the Child. Laboratory Assessment of the Pediatric Urologic Patient. Fetal Urology and Prenatal Diagnosis. In-Office Ultrasonography. Pediatric Renal Nuclear Medicine. Prenatal and Postnatal Urologic Emergencies. Urinary Tract Infections in Children. Fungal, Parasitic and Other Inflammatory Disease of the Genitourinary Tract. Anesthesia and Pain Management for the Pediatric Urology Patient. Office Pediatric Urology. Principles of Minimally Invasive Surgery. Pediatric Fluid Management. Problems with Transitional Care. Embryology of the Genitourinary Tract. The Adrenal. Adrenal or Suprarenal Gland Development. Radiologic Assessment of the Adrenal. Adrenal Tumors and Functional Consequences. Surgery of the Adrenal in Pediatric Patients. The Kidney. Basic Science of the Kidney. Renal Vasculature and Kidney. Renal Anomalies. Fetal and Neonatal Renal Function. Cystic Kidney Disease. Acute Kidney Injury. Renal Transplantation. Renal Calculus Disease. Endourology for Stone Disease. Renal Parenchymal Imaging in Children. Assessment of Renal Obstructive Disorders: Ultrasound, Nuclear Medicine, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction and Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney: Surgical Management. Laparoscopic Nephrectomy and Pyeloplasty. Wilm's Tumor. Surgical Approaches for Pediatric and Adolescent Renal Tumors. Upper Urinary Tract Trauma. The Ureter. The Ureter. Ureteral Development. The Imaging of Reflux and Ureteral Disease. Ureteral Anomalies and their Surgical Management. Megaureter. Ureteral Duplication Anomalies: Ectopic Ureters and Ureteroceles. Laparoscopic Management of Duplication Anomalies. Vesicoureteral Reflux: Etiology - Anatomical and Functional. Non-Surgical Management of Vesicoureteral Reflux. Surgery for Vesicoureteral Reflux. Minimally Invasive Approaches to Correct Primary Vesicoureteral Reflux. Injection Therapy for Vesicoureteral Reflux. The Bladder and Prostate. Basic Science of Prostatic Development. Basic Science of the Urinary Bladder. Embryology of the Anterior Abdominal Wall, Bladder, and Proximal Urethra. Radiologic Assessment of Bladder Disorders. Urodynamic of the Lower and Upper Urinary Tract. Neurologic Control of Storage and Voiding. Neurogenic Voiding Dysfunction and Functional Voiding Disorders: Evaluation and Non-Surgical Management . Non Neurogenic Daytime Incontinence and Nocturnal Enuresis. Constipation and Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms. Operations for the Weak Bladder Outlet. Bladder Augmentation: Current and Future Techniques. Urinary diversion. The Malone Antegrade Continence Enema (MACE). Minimally Invasive Approaches to Lower Urinary Tract Reconstruction. Genitourinary Rhabdomyosarcoma and Other Bladder Tumours. Exstrophy and Epispadias. Unusual Conditions of the Bladder: Including Bladder Trauma, Urachal Anomalies, and Bladder Diverticula. Posterior Urethral Values. Prune Belly Syndrome. Surgical Excision of Urachal Anomalies. Urethra, External Genitalia and Retroperitoneum. Basic Science of the Genitalia. Basic Science of the Testis. Gonads, Genital Ducts and Genitalia. Disorders of Sexual Differentiation. Anorectal Malformation and Cloaca . Surgery for Intersex Disorders and Urogenital Sinus. Hypospadias. Pediatric Urethral Trauma and Stricture. Abnormalities of the Penis and Scrotum. Penile Replacement Surgery. Hernia, Hydroceles, Testicular Torsion and Varicocele. Minimally Invasive Management of Inguinal Hernias. Surgical Management of the Undescended Testis. Cryptorchidism. Testicular and Paratesticular Tumors in Children. Tumors of the Retroperitoneum. Tissue Engineering for Pediatric Urology. Study Designs and Hierarchy of Evidence.