CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 The Block Diagram of a Communication System 4
1.2 Channel Characteristics 5
1.3 Summary of Systems-Analysis Techniques 13
1.4 Probabilistic Approaches to System Optimization 14
1.5 Preview of This Book 16
Further Reading 16
CHAPTER 2 SIGNAL AND LINEAR SYSTEM ANALYSIS 17
2.1 Signal Models 17
2.2 Signal Classifications 24
2.3 Fourier Series 26
2.4 The Fourier Transform 34
2.5 Power Spectral Density and Correlation 50
2.6 Signals and Linear Systems 55
2.7 Sampling Theory 78
2.8 The Hilbert Transform 82
2.9 The Discrete Fourier Transform and Fast Fourier Transform 91
Further Reading 95
Summary 95
Drill Problems 98
Problems 100
Computer Exercises 111
CHAPTER 3 LINEAR MODULATION TECHNIQUES 112
3.1 Double-Sideband Modulation 113
3.2 Amplitude Modulation (AM) 116
3.3 Single-Sideband (SSB) Modulation 124
3.4 Vestigial-Sideband (VSB) Modulation 133
3.5 Frequency Translation and Mixing 136
3.6 Interference in Linear Modulation 139
3.7 Pulse Amplitude Modulation---PAM 142
3.8 Digital Pulse Modulation 144
Further Reading 150
Summary 150
Drill Problems 151
Problems 152
Computer Exercises 155
CHAPTER 4 ANGLE MODULATION AND MULTIPLEXING 156
4.1 Phase and Frequency Modulation Defined 156
4.2 Demodulation of Angle-Modulated Signals 175
4.3 Feedback Demodulators: The Phase-Locked Loop 181
4.4 Interference in Angle Modulation 196
4.5 Analog Pulse Modulation 201
4.6 Multiplexing 204
Further Reading 208
Summary 208
Drill Problems 209
Problems 210
Computer Exercises 213
CHAPTER 5 PRINCIPLES OF BASEBAND DIGITAL DATA TRANSMISSION 215
5.1 Baseband Digital Data Transmission Systems 215
5.2 Line Codes and Their Power Spectra 216
5.3 Effects of Filtering of Digital Data---ISI 225
5.4 Pulse Shaping: Nyquist's Criterion for Zero ISI 227
5.5 Zero-Forcing Equalization 233
5.6 Eye Diagrams 237
5.7 Synchronization 239
5.8 Carrier Modulation of Baseband Digital Signals 243
Further Reading 244
Summary 244
Drill Problems 245
Problems 246
Computer Exercises 249
CHAPTER 6 OVERVIEW OF PROBABILITY AND RANDOM VARIABLES 250
6.1 What is Probability? 250
6.2 Random Variables and Related Functions 260
6.3 Statistical Averages 274
6.4 Some Useful pdfs 286
Further Reading 298
Summary 298
Drill Problems 300
Problems 301
Computer Exercises 307
CHAPTER 7 RANDOM SIGNALS AND NOISE 308
7.1 A Relative-Frequency Description of Random Processes 308
7.2 Some Terminology of Random Processes 310
7.3 Correlation and Power Spectral Density 316
7.4 Linear Systems and Random Processes 325
7.5.1 Quadrature-Component and Envelope-Phase Representation 333
Further Reading 340
Summary 340
Drill Problems 341
Problems 342
Computer Exercises 348
CHAPTER 8 NOISE IN MODULATION SYSTEMS 349
8.1 Signal-to-Noise Ratios 350
8.2 Noise and Phase Errors in Coherent Systems 366
8.3 Noise in Angle Modulation 370
8.4 Threshold Effect in FM Demodulation 376
8.5 Noise in Pulse-Code Modulation 384
Further Reading 389
Summary 389
Drill Problems 391
Problems 391
Computer Exercises 394
CHAPTER 9 PRINCIPLES OF DIGITAL DATA TRANSMISSION IN NOISE 396
9.1 Baseband Data Transmission in White Gaussian Noise 398
9.2 Binary Synchronous Data Transmission with Arbitrary Signal Shapes 404
9.3 Modulation Schemes not Requiring Coherent References 421
9.4 M-ary Pulse-Amplitude Modulation (PAM) 431
9.5 Comparison of Digital Modulation Systems 435
9.6 Noise Performance of Zero-ISI Digital Data Transmission Systems 438
9.7 Multipath Interference 443
9.8 Fading Channels 449
9.9 Equalization 455
Further Reading 466
Summary 466
Drill Problems 468
Problems 469
Computer Exercises 476
CHAPTER 10 ADVANCED DATA COMMUNICATIONS TOPICS 477
10.1 M-ary Data Communications Systems 477
10.2 Power Spectra for Digital Modulation 510
10.3 Synchronization 516
10.4 Spread-Spectrum Communication Systems 528
10.5 Multicarrier Modulation and Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing 540
10.6 Cellular Radio Communication Systems 545
Further Reading 556
Summary 556
Drill Problems 557
Problems 558
Computer Exercises 563
CHAPTER 11 OPTIMUM RECEIVERS AND SIGNAL-SPACE CONCEPTS 564
11.1 Bayes Optimization 564
11.2 Vector Space Representation of Signals 574
11.3 Map Receiver for Digital Data Transmission 583
11.4 Estimation Theory 596
11.5 Applications of Estimation Theory to Communications 602
Further Reading 606
Summary 607
Drill Problems 607
Problems 608
Computer Exercises 614
CHAPTER 12 INFORMATION THEORY AND CODING 615
12.1 Basic Concepts 616
12.2 Source Coding 626
12.3 Communication in Noisy Environments: Basic Ideas 634
12.4 Communication in Noisy Channels: Block Codes 636
12.5 Communication in Noisy Channels: Convolutional Codes 657
12.6 Bandwidth and Power Efficient Modulation (TCM) 668
12.7 Feedback Channels 672
12.8 Modulation and Bandwidth Efficiency 676
12.9 Quick Overviews 679
Further Reading 686
Summary 686
Drill Problems 688
Problems 688
Computer Exercises 692
APPENDIX A PHYSICAL NOISE SOURCES 693
A.1 Physical Noise Sources 693
A.2 Characterization of Noise in Systems 698
A.3 Free-Space Propagation Example 705
Further Reading 708
Problems 708
APPENDIX B JOINTLY GAUSSIAN RANDOM VARIABLES 710
B.1 The pdf 710
B.2 The Characteristic Function 711
B.3 Linear Transformations 711
APPENDIX C PROOF OF THE NARROWBAND NOISE MODEL 712
APPENDIX D ZERO-CROSSING AND ORIGIN ENCIRCLEMENT STATISTICS 714
D.1 The Zero-Crossing Problem 714
D.2 Average Rate of Zero Crossings 716
Problems 719
APPENDIX E CHI-SQUARE STATISTICS 720
APPENDIX F MATHEMATICAL AND NUMERICAL TABLES 722
F.1 The Gaussian Q-Function 722
F.2 Trigonometric Identities 724
F.3 Series Expansions 724
F.4 Integrals 725
F.5 Fourier-Transform Pairs 727
F.6 Fourier-Transform Theorems 727
APPENDIX G ANSWERS TO DRILL PROBLEMS
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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INDEX 728