Introduction vii

Chapter
1. From Trace to Web Data: An Ontology of the Digital Footprint 1

1.1. The epistemology of the cultural sciences 7

1.2. The footprint in evidential sciences 9

1.3. The log or activity history 14

1.4. The digital footprint as a web log 18

1.5. The intentionality of digital footprints 20

1.6. Data as theoretically-loaded footprints 24

Chapter
2. Toward an Epistemic Continuity Anchored in the Cultural Sciences 29

2.1. Digital technology in the cultural sciences 31

2.2. Field and corpus: two modes of access to reality 34

2.3. Virtual methods, a reconstruction of access to the field 38

2.4. The challenges of the technical revolution of the text 48

2.5. From the web as an object to the web as a corpus 59

2.6. Conclusion 69

Chapter
3. The Status of Computation in Data Sciences 71

3.1. Making data computable 73

3.2. The field of computability 77

3.3. Computational thinking 81

3.4. Computation in the natural sciences 87

3.5. From exploratory analysis to data mining 98

3.6. The institutional and theoretical melting pot of data science 107

3.7. The contribution of artificial intelligence 115

3.8. Conclusion 122

Chapter
4. A Practical Big Data Use Case 125

4.1. Presentation of the case study 126

4.2. Customer experience and coding of feedback131

4.3. From the representative approach to the “big data” project 134

4.4. Data preparation 137

4.5. Design of the coding plan 140

4.6. The constitution of linguistic resources 143

4.7. Constituting the coding plan 148

4.8. Visibility of the language activity 153

4.9. Storytelling and interpretation of the data 155

4.10. Conclusion 161

Chapter
5. From Narratives to Systems: How to Shape and Share Data Analysis 165

5.1. Two epistemic configurations 166

5.2. The genesis of systems 172

5.3. Conclusion 183

Chapter
6. The Art of Data Visualization 187

6.1. Graphic semiology 187

6.2. Data cartography 198

6.3. Representation as evidence 203

6.4. The visual language of design in system configuration 207

6.5. Materialization and interpretation of recommendations 214

Chapter
7. Knowledge and Decision 219

7.1. Big data, a pragmatic epistemology? 220

7.2. Toward gradual validity of knowledge 227

7.3. Deciding, knowing and measuring 233

Conclusion 239

References 243

Index 257