Part 1 PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES
1. Units & Unit conversion 4
2. Basics of Sound waves 5
3. Parameters of Sound
⑴ Frequency, Period and Wavelength 8
⑵ Propagating Speed 10
⑶ Amplitude, Power and Intensity 12
⑷ Range equation 13
4. Continuous & Pulsed wave principles 16
5. Terms describing Pulsed waves
⑴ PD, PRP, PRF 18
⑵ Duty factor (DF) 21
⑶ Spatial Pulse Length (SPL) 22
6. Interference 25
7. Attenuation
⑴ Decibels 26
⑵ Attenuation 27
8. Tissue echogenicity 34
Review Excercise 35

Part 2 TRANSDUCERS
1. Transducer Construction
⑴ Piezoelectric Element 46
⑵ Backing Layer 48
⑶ Matching Layer 51
⑷ Electric Shield 52
2. Sound Beam & Focusing
⑴ Sound beam formation 53
⑵ Unfocused beam 56
⑶ Focused beam 58
3. Real-Time Scanning
⑴ Mechanical transducer 65
⑵ Electronic transducer 66
⑶ Other arrays 70
⑷ Summary of Common transducer types 73
⑸ Scanning speed limitation 74
⑹ Temporal resolution 77
4. Spatial Resolution
⑴ Axial resolution 79
⑵ Lateral resolution 81
⑶ Elevational resolution 81
Review Excercise 83


Part 3 DOPPLER
1. Doppler Principle
⑴ Doppler effect 102
⑵ Doppler shift 102
⑶ Doppler angle 103
⑷ Doppler equation 104
2. Color Doppler
⑴ Color box 105
⑵ Color map 106
⑶ Variance map 107
⑷ Packet size 108
3. Pulsed vs Continuous wave Doppler
⑴ Pulsed wave Doppler 110
⑵ Continuous wave Doppler 113
4. Spectral Doppler
⑴ Spectral analysis 114
⑵ Spectral window 117
⑶ Nyquist limit 118
⑷ Spectral Doppler에서 Aliasing 제거방법 119
⑸ Spectral Doppler에서 그 밖의 Artifact & Noise 제거방법 121
⑹ Sweep speed 122
⑺ High PRF Doppler setting 123
⑻ Duplex & Triplex imaging 123
5. Power Doppler 124
6. Tissue Doppler Imaging 125
7. Hemodynamics
⑴ Type of arterial blood flow 126
⑵ The basic equations of fluid dynamics 128
⑶ Systematic characterization of all waveforms 130
⑷ Stenosis에서 flow의 waveform 132
Review Excercise 134

Part 4 IMAGING PRINCIPLES & INSTRUMENTS
1. Transmission & Reception
⑴ Pulser 158
⑵ Beamformer 160
⑶ Receiver : Five Functions 161
2. Images, Storage and Display
⑴ Scan converter 168
⑵ Image processing 174
⑶ Display and Storage devices 177
⑷ Display mode 177
Review Excercise 181


Part 5 ARTIFACTS
1. Spatial Resolution Artifacts
⑴ Axial resolution artifact 194
⑵ Lateral resolution artifact 195
⑶ Elevational resolution artifact 196
2. Propagation Speed & Path Artifacts
⑴ Reverberation artifact 197
⑵ Comet tail sign 197
⑶ Refraction artifact 199
⑷ Multipath artifact 201
⑸ Mirror image artifact 201
⑹ Secondary lobes artifact 202
⑺ Propagation speed error 204
3. Attenuation Artifacts
⑴ Posterior acoustic shadowing 205
⑵ Posterior acoustic enhancement 205
4. Doppler Artifacts
⑴ Aliasing 207
⑵ Motion artifact 209
⑶ Blooming artifact 210
⑷ Cross talk 211
⑸ Color twinkling artifact 212
5. Other Artifacts
⑴ Speckle 214
⑵ Noise 215
⑶ Equipment malfunction 217
Review Excercise 218

Part 6 QUALITY ASSURANCE
1. Quality Assurance 230
2. User-specific Roles 230
3. Equipment Cleaning 231
4. Tissue-Equivalent Phantom 232
⑴ Dead zone 234
⑵ Spatial resolution 235
⑶ Accuracy 237
⑷ Sensitivity 238
⑸ Contrast resolution 239
5. Elevational Resolution Phantom
⑴ Spherical void phantom 240
⑵ Slice thickness phantom 241
6. AIUM 100mm Test Object 242
7. Doppler Testing Phantom 243
8. Other Testing Equipment 244
9. Statistical Parameters 245
Review Excercise 248


Part 7 PATIENT CARE AND NEW TECHNOLOGIES
1. Patient Care 258
2. Occupational Safety & Health Act 260
3. Bioeffects and Safety
⑴ Spatial & Temporal intensity 262
⑵ Thermal index 264
⑶ Mechanical index 265
⑷ ALARA principle 266
4. New Technologies
⑴ Elastography 268
⑵ Tissue harmonic imaging (THI) 268
⑶ Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) 271
⑷ Spatial compounding 272
⑸ Frequency compounding 273
⑹ Persistence 273
⑺ Extended Field of view 274
⑻ Fusion imaging 275
Review Excercise 276
SIC (semi-interactive console) 283
기출문제 한눈에 보기 303
Summary of Formulas 313
Bibliography & Figure Credits 319
INDEX 325