1 INTRODUCTION

Learning Objectives

1.1 Characteristics of Fluids

1.2 Dimensions, Dimensional Homogeneity, and Units

1.3 Analysis of Fluid Behavior

1.4 Measures of Fluid Mass and Weight

1.5 Ideal Gas Law

1.6 Viscosity

1.7 Compressibility of Fluids

1.8 Vapor Pressure

1.9 Surface Tension

1.10 A Brief Look Back in History

CHAPTER SUMMARY AND STUDY GUIDE

KEY EQUATIONS

REFERENCES

PROBLEMS

2 FLUID STATICS

Learning Objectives

2.1 Pressure at a Point

2.2 Basic Equation for Pressure Field

2.3 Pressure Variation in a Fluid at Rest

2.4 Standard Atmosphere

2.5 Measurement of Pressure

2.6 Manometry

2.7 Mechanical and Electronic Pressure Measuring Devices

2.8 Hydrostatic Force on a Plane Surface and Pressure Diagram

2.9 Hydrostatic Force on a Curved Surface

2.10 Buoyancy, Flotation, and Stability

2.11 Pressure Variation in a Fluid with Rigid Body Motion

2.12 Equilibrium of moving fluids (Special case of Fluid Statics

CHAPTER SUMMARY AND STUDY GUIDE

KEY EQUATIONS

REFERENCES

PROBLEMS

3 FLUID KINEMATICS

Learning Objectives

3.1 The Velocity Field

3.2 The Acceleration Field

3.3 Control Volume and System Representations

3.4 The Reynolds Transport Theorem

CHAPTER SUMMARY AND STUDY GUIDE

KEY EQUATIONS

REFERENCES

PROBLEMS

4 ELEMENTARY FLUID DYNAMICS--THE BERNOULLI EQUATION

Learning Objectives

4.1 Newton’s Second Law

4.2 F = ma along a Streamline

4.3 F = ma Normal to a Streamline

4.4 Physical Interpretations and Alternate Forms of the Bernoulli Equation

4.5 Static, Stagnation, Dynamic, and Total Pressure

4.6 Applications of Bernoulli Equation

4.7 The Energy Line and the Hydraulic Grade Line

4.8 Restrictions on Use of the Bernoulli Equation

CHAPTER SUMMARY AND STUDY GUIDE

KEY EQUATIONS

REFERENCES

PROBLEMS

5 FINITE CONTROL VOLUME ANALYSIS

Learning Objectives

5.1 Conservation of Mass--The Continuity Equation

5.2 Newton’s Second Law--The Linear Momentum and Moment of Momentum Equations

5.3 First Law of Thermodynamics--The Energy Equation

CHAPTER SUMMARY AND STUDY GUIDE

KEY EQUATIONS

REFERENCES

PROBLEMS

6 DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSIS OF FLUID FLOW

Learning Objectives

6.1 Fluid Element Kinematics

6.2 Conservation of Mass

6.3 The Linear Momentum Equation

6.4 Inviscid Flow

6.5 Some Basic, Plane Potential Flows

6.6 Superposition of Basic, Plane Potential Flows

6.7 Other Aspects of Potential Flow

6.8 Viscous Flow

6.9 Some Simple Solutions for Laminar, Viscous, Incompressible Flows

6.10 Other Aspects of Differential Analysis

CHAPTER SUMMARY AND STUDY GUIDE

KEY EQUATIONS

REFERENCES

PROBLEMS

7. DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS AND MODEL SIMILITUDE

Learning Objectives

7.1 The Need for Dimensional Analysis

7.2 Buckingham Pi Theorem

7.3 Determination of Pi Terms

7.4 Some Directions about Dimensional Analysis

7.5 Determination of Pi Terms by Inspection

7.6 Common Dimensionless Groups in Fluid Mechanics

7.7 Correlation of Experimental Data

7.8 Modeling and Similitude

7.9 Typical Model Studies

CHAPTER SUMMARY AND STUDY GUIDE

KEY EQUATIONS

REFERENCES

PROBLEMS

8 VISCOUS FLOW IN PIPES

Learning Objectives

8.1 General Characteristics of Pipe Flow

8.2 Fully Developed Laminar Flow

8.3 Fully Developed Turbulent Flow

8.4 Pipe Flow Losses via Dimensional Analysis

8.5 Pipe Flow Examples

8.6 Pipe Flowrate Measurement

CHAPTER SUMMARY AND STUDY GUIDE

KEY EQUATIONS

REFERENCES

PROBLEMS

9 FLOW OVER IMMERSED BODIES

Learning Objectives

9.1 General External Flow Characteristics

9.2 Drag

9.3 Lift

9.4 Boundary Layer Characteristics

CHAPTER SUMMARY AND STUDY GUIDE

KEY EQUATIONS

REFERENCES

PROBLEMS

10 OPEN CHANNEL FLOW

Learning Objectives

10.1 General Characteristics of Open Channel Flow

10.2 Surface Waves

10.3 Energy Considerations

10.4 Uniform Flow

10.5 Most Efficient Channel Section

10.6 Gradually Varied Flow

10.7 Rapidly Varied Flow

CHAPTER SUMMARY AND STUDY GUIDE

KEY EQUATIONS

REFERENCES

PROBLEMS

11 COMPRESSIBLE FLOW

Learning Objectives

11.1 Ideal Gas Thermodynamics

11.2 Stagnation Properties

11.3 Mach Number and Speed of Sound

11.4 Compressible Flow Regimes

11.5 Shock Waves

11.6 Isentropic Flow

11.7 One Dimensional Flow in a Variable Area Duct

11.8 Constant Area Duct Flow with Friction

11.9 Frictionless Flow in a Constant Area Duct with Heating or Cooling

11.10 Analogy Between Compressible and Open Channel Flows

11.11 Two Dimensional Supersonic Flow

11.12 Effects of Compressibility in External Flow

CHAPTER SUMMARY AND STUDY GUIDE

KEY EQUATIONS

REFERENCES

PROBLEMS

12 TURBOMACHINES

Learning Objectives

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Basic Energy Considerations

12.3 Angular Momentum Considerations

12.4 The Centrifugal Pump

12.5 Axial Flow and Mixed Flow Pumps

12.6 Dimensionless Parameters and Similarity Laws

12.7 Turbines

12.8 Fans

12.9 Compressible Flow Turbomachines

CHAPTER SUMMARY AND STUDY GUIDE

KEY EQUATIONS

REFERENCES

PROBLEMS

APPENDIX A Computational Fluid Dynamics

APPENDIX B Physical Properties of Fluids

APPENDIX C Properties of the U.S. Standard Atmosphere

APPENDIX D Compressible Flow Functions for an Ideal Gas with k = 1.4

APPENDIX E Comprehensive Table of Conversion Factors

INDEX