Preface ix
Introduction 1
1. Thomas Aquinas Summa Theologica (1274) 16
2. Hannah Arendt The Human Condition (1958) 22
3. Aristotle Nicomachean Ethics (4th century BC) 28
4. A.J. Ayer Language, Truth and Logic (1936) 34
5. Jean Baudrillard Simulacra and Simulation (1981) 38
6. Simone de Beauvoir The Second Sex (1949) 44
7. Jeremy Bentham Principles of Morals and Legislation (1789) 50
8. Isaiah Berlin The Hedgehog and the Fox (1953) 56
9. David Bohm Wholeness and the Implicate Order (1980) 62
10. Judith Butler Gender Trouble (1990) 68
11. Noam Chomsky Understanding Power (2002) 76
12. Cicero On Duties (44 BC) 82
13. Confucius Analects (5th century BC) 88
14. René Descartes Meditations on First Philosophy (1641) 94
15. Ralph Waldo Emerson Fate (1860) 100
16. Epicurus Letters (3rd century BC) 106
17. Michel Foucault The Order of Things (1966) 112
18. Harry Frankfurt On Bullshit (2005) 118
19. G.W.F. Hegel Phenomenology of Spirit (1807) 122
20. Martin Heidegger Being and Time (1927) 130
21. David Hume An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding (1748) 136
22. William James Pragmatism (1907) 142
23. Immanuel Kant Critique of Pure Reason (1781) 148
24. Søren Kierkegaard Fear and Trembling (1843) 154
25. Saul Kripke Naming and Necessity (1972) 158
26. Thomas Kuhn Vie Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962) 164
27. Gottfried Leibniz Theodicy (1710) 170
28. John Locke Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1689) 176
29. Niccolò Machiavelli The Prince (1513) 182
30. Marshall McLuhan The Medium Is the Massage (1967) 188
31. Mary Midgley The Myths We Live By (2003) 194
32. John Stuart Mill On Liberty (1859) 200
33. Michel de Montaigne Essays (1580) 206
34. Iris Murdoch The Sovereignty of Good (1970) 212
35. Friedrich Nietzsche Beyond Good and Evil (1886) 218
36. Blaise Pascal Pensées (1660) 224
37. Plato The Republic (4th century BC) 230
38. Plotinus The Enneads (3rd century) 236
39. Karl Popper The Logic of Scientific Discovery (1934) 242
40. John Rawls A Theory of Justice (1971) 246
41. Jean-Jacques Rousseau The Social Contract (1762) 252
42. Bertrand Russell The Conquest of Happiness (1930) 258
43. Michael Sandel The Tyranny of Merit (2020) 264
44. Jean-Paul Sartre Being and Nothingness (1943) 272
45. Arthur Schopenhauer The World as Will and Representation (1818) 280
46. Peter Singer The Life You Can Save (2009) 286
47. Peter Sloteraijk You Must Change Your Life (2013) 292
48. Baruch Spinoza Ethics (1677) 298
49. Nassim Nicholas Taleb The Black Swan (2007) 306
50. Ludwig Wittgenstein Philosophical Investigations (1953) 312
50 More Philosophy Classics 319
Glossary 325
Credits 327
Acknowledgments 331