Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Author

Chapter 1 Introduction
Evolution
The GNU Copyleft
Kernelorg
Mailing Lists and Forums
Linux Distributions
Looking at the Sources
Building the Kernel
Loadable Modules
Before Starting

Chapter 2 A Peek Inside the Kernel
Booting Up
Kernel Mode and User Mode
Process Context and Interrupt Context
Kernel Timers
HZ and Jiffies
Long Delays
Short Delays
Pentium Time Stamp Counter
Real Time Clock
Concurrency in the Kernel
Spinlocks and Mutexes
Atomic Operators
Reader-Writer Locks
Debugging
Process Filesystem
Allocating Memory
Looking at the Sources

Chapter 3 Kernel Facilities
Kernel Threads
Creating a Kernel Thread
Process States and Wait Queues
User Mode Helpers
Helper Interfaces
Linked Lists
Hash Lists
Work Queues
Notifier Chains
Completion Interface
Kthread Helpers
Error-Handling Aids
Looking at the Sources

Chapter 4 Laying the Groundwork
Introducing Devices and Drivers
Interrupt Handling
Interrupt Context
Assigning IRQs
Device Example: Roller Wheel
Softirqs and Tasklets
The Linux Device Model
Udev
Sysfs, Kobjects, andDevice Classes
Hotplug and Coldplug
Microcode Download
Module Autoload
Memory Barriers
Power Management
Looking at the Sources

Chapter 5 Character Drivers
Char Driver Basics
Device Example: System CMOS
Driver Initialization
Open and Release
Exchanging Data
Seek
Control
Sensing Data Availability
Poll
Fasync
Talking to the Parallel Port
Device Example: Parallel Port LED Board
RTC Subsystem
Pseudo Char Drivers
Misc Drivers
Device Example: Watchdog Timer
Character Caveats
Looking at the Sources
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Chapter 6 Serial Drivers
Layered Architecture
UART Drivers
Device Example: Cell Phone
RS-
TTY Drivers
Line Disciplines
Device Example: Touch Controller
Looking at the Sources

Chapter 7 Input Drivers
Input Event Drivers
The Evdev Interface
Input Device Drivers
Serio
Keyboards
Mice
Touch Controllers
Accelerometers
Output Events
Debugging
Looking at the Sources

Chapter 8 The Inter-Integrated Circuit Protocol
What's IC/SMBus?
IC Core
Bus Transactions
Device Example: EEPROM
Initializing
Probing the Device
Checking Adapter Capabilities
Accessing the Device
More Methods
Device Example: Real Time Clock
IC-dev
Hardware Monitoring Using LM-Sensors
The Serial Peripheral Interface Bus
The -Wire Bus
Debugging
Looking at the Sources

Chapter 9 PCMCIA and Compact Flash
What's PCMCIA/CF?
Linux-PCMCIA Subsystem
Host Controller Drivers
PCMCIA Core
Driver Services
Client Drivers
Data Structures
Device Example: PCMCIA Card
Tying the Pieces Together
PCMCIA Storage
Serial PCMCIA
Debugging
Looking at the Sources

Chapter 10 Peripheral Component Interconnect
The PCI Family
Addressing and Identification
Accessing PCI Regions
Configuration Space
I/O and Memory
Direct Memory Access
Device Example: Ethernet-Modem Card
Initializing and Probing
Data Transfer
Debugging
Looking at the Sources

Chapter 11 Universal Serial Bus
USB Architecture
Bus Speeds
Host Controllers
Transfer Types
Addressing
Linux-USB Subsystem
Driver Data Structures
The usb_device Structure
USB Request Blocks
Pipes
Descriptor Structures
Enumeration
Device Example: Telemetry Card
Initializing and Probing
Accessing Registers
Data Transfer
Class Drivers
Mass Storage
USB-Serial
Human Interface Devices
Bluetooth
Gadget Drivers
Debugging
Looking at the Sources

Chapter 12 Video Drivers
Display Architecture
Linux-Video Subsystem
Display Parameters
The Frame Buffer API
Frame Buffer Drivers
Device Example: Navigation System
Console Drivers
Device Example: Cell Phone Revisited
Boot Logo
Debugging
Looking at the Sources

Chapter 13 Audio Drivers
Audio Architecture
Linux-Sound Subsystem
Device Example: MP Player
Driver Methods and Structures
ALSA Programming
Debugging
Looking at the Sources

Chapter 14 Block Drivers
Storage Technologies
Linux Block I/O Layer
I/O Schedulers
Block Driver Data Structures and Methods
Device Example: Simple Storage Controller
Initialization
Block Device Operations
Disk Access
Advanced Topics
Debugging
Looking at the Sources

Chapter 15 Network Interface Cards
Driver Data Structures
Socket Buffers
The Net Device Interface
Activation
Data Transfer
Watchdog
Statistics
Configuration
Bus Specific
Talking with Protocol Layers
Receive Path
Transmit Path
Flow Control
Buffer Management and Concurrency Control
Device Example: Ethernet NIC
ISA Network Drivers
Asynchronous Transfer Mode
Network Throughput
Driver Performance
Protocol Performance
Looking at the Sources

Chapter 16 Linux Without Wires
Bluetooth
BlueZ
Device Example: CF Card
Device Example: USB Adapter
RFCOMM
Networking
Human Interface Devices
Audio
Debugging
Looking at the Sources
Infrared
Linux-IrDA
Device Example: Super I/O Chip
Device Example: IR Dongle
IrComm
Networking
IrDA Sockets
Linux Infrared Remote Control
Looking at the Sources
WiFi
Configuration
Device Drivers
Looking at the Sources
Cellular Networking
GPRS
CDMA
Current Trends

Chapter 17 Memory Technology Devices
What's Flash Memory?
Linux-MTD Subsystem
Map Drivers
Device Example: Handheld
NOR Chip Drivers
NAND Chip Drivers
User Modules
Block Device Emulation
Char Device Emulation
JFFS
YAFFS
MTD-Utils
Configuring MTD
eXecute In Place
The Firmware Hub
Debugging
Looking at the Sources

Chapter 18 Embedding Linux
Challenges
Component Selection
Tool Chains
Embedded Bootloaders
Memory Layout
Kernel Porting
Embedded Drivers
Flash Memory
UART
Buttons and Wheels
PCMCIA/CF
SD/MMC
USB
RTC
Audio
Touch Screen
Video
CPLD/FPGA
Connectivity
Domain-Specific Electronics
More Drivers
The Root Filesystem
NFS-Mounted Root
Compact Middleware
Test Infrastructure
Debugging
Board Rework
Debuggers

Chapter 19 Drivers in User Space
Process Scheduling and Response Times
The Original Scheduler
The O() Scheduler
The CFS Scheduler
Response Times
Accessing I/O Regions
Accessing Memory Regions
User Mode SCSI
User Mode USB
User Mode IC
UIO
Looking at the Sources

Chapter 20 More Devices and Drivers
ECC Reporting
Device Example: ECC-Aware Memory Controller
Frequency Scaling
Embedded Controllers
ACPI
ISA and MCA
FireWire
Intelligent Input/Output
Amateur Radio
Voice over IP
High-Speed Interconnects
InfiniBand
RapidIO
Fibre Channel
iSCSI

Chapter 21 Debugging Device Drivers
Kernel Debuggers
Entering a Debugger
Kernel Debugger (kdb)
Kernel GNU Debugger (kgdb)
GNU Debugger (gdb)
JTAG Debuggers
Downloads
Kernel Probes
Kprobes
Jprobes
Return Probes
Limitations
Looking at the Sources
Kexec and Kdump
Kexec
Kexec with Kdump
Kdump
Looking at the Sources
Profiling
Kernel Profiling with OProfile
Application Profiling with Gprof
Tracing
Linux Trace Toolkit
Linux Test Project
User Mode Linux
Diagnostic Tools
Kernel Hacking Config Options
Test Equipment

Chapter 22 Maintenance and Delivery
Coding Style
Change Markers
Version Control
Consistent Checksums
Build Scripts
Portable Code

Chapter 23 Shutting Down
Checklist
What Next?

Appendix A Linux Assembly
Debugging
Appendix B Linux and the BIOS
Real Mode Calls
Protected Mode Calls
BIOS and Legacy Drivers
Appendix C Seq Files
The Seq File Advantage
Updating the NVRAM Driver
Looking at the Sources