About This Book v

The Author v

Preface to the Second Edition xiii

Section 1 Getting Started 1

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1.1. Tips for Teaching ESL/ELLs 1

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1.2. Teaching Taxonomy for Beginning ELLs 3

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1.3. One Hundred Ways to Praise 10

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1.4. Meeting and Greeting 12

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1.5. Realia and Manipulatives 15

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1.6. Predictable School Routines 16

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1.7. Active Response Activities 18

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1.8. Active Response Cards 20

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1.9. Class and School Vocabulary 25

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1.10. ESL/ELL Students’ Language Background 28

Section 2 Core English 29

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2.1. Five Hundred Most Frequently Used English Words 29

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2.2. Fluency Practice for Most Frequently Used Words 33

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2.3. Calendar Words 37

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2.4. Number Words 39

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2.5. Weather Words 41

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2.6. Color Words 42

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2.7. Time Words 43

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2.8. Health Words 45

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2.9. Family and Relationship Words 49

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2.10. Money Words 52

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2.11. Practice Checks 54

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2.12. Safety Words 55

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2.13. Transportation and Travel Words 57

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2.14. Traffic Signs 59

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2.15. Application and Form Words 61

Section 3 Pronunciation 63

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3.1. Speech Sound Production 63

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3.2. Consonant Production Chart 65

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3.3. Vowel Production Chart 68

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3.4. English Sounds Not Used in Other Languages 69

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3.5. Problem English Sounds for ESL/ELL Students 70

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3.6. Problem English Contrasts for ESL/ELL Students 71

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3.7. Practice for Phonemes in the Initial Position 72

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3.8. Practice for Phonemes in the Medial Position 77

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3.9. Practice for Phonemes in the Final Position 81

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3.10. Practice for Beginning and End Clusters 84

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3.11. Practice for Problem Sounds and Contrasts 86

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3.12. Phonetic Alphabet and English Spellings 91

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3.13. Stress and Intonation Patterns in Words 93

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3.14. Stress and Intonation Patterns in Sentences 95

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3.15. Tongue Twisters 97

Section 4 Vocabulary Builders 101

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4.1. Synonyms 101

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4.2. Antonyms 104

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4.3. American Idioms 106

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4.4. English-Spanish Cognates 112

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4.5. English-French Cognates 119

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4.6. English-German Cognates 123

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4.7. Collocations 127

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4.8. Nonreversible Pairs 129

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4.9. Phrasal Verbs-Separable 130

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4.10. Phrasal Verbs-Inseparable 135

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4.11. Words with Multiple Meanings 137

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4.12. Homophones 142

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4.13. Homographs and Heteronyms 150

Section 5 Grammar 159

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5.1. Basic Sentence Patterns 159

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5.2. Question and Answer Sentence Patterns 162

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5.3 Negative Sentence Patterns 165

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5.4. Active/Passive Sentence Patterns 166

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5.5. The Parts of Speech 167

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5.6. Verbs 170

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5.7. Verb Conjugation 172

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5.8. Sentence Patterns Using To Be 176

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5.9. Subject-Verb Agreement 180

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5.10. Time Agreement 182

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5.11. Irregular Verb Forms 184

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5.12. Contractions 188

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5.13. Plurals 189

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5.14. Pronouns 191

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5.15. Possessive Forms 193

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5.16. Adjectives 194

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5.17. Adverbs and Adverbial Phrases 196

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5.18. Articles 198

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5.19. Conjunctions 199

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5.20. Prepositions 200

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5.21. Capitalization 201

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5.22. Punctuation 203

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5.23. Common Grammatical Errors 207

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5.24. Spelling Rules 208

Section 6 Content Area Words 213

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6.1. Mathematics Vocabulary-Basic 213

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6.2. Mathematics Vocabulary-Intermediate 218

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6.3. Social Studies Vocabulary-Basic 220

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6.4. Social Studies Vocabulary-Intermediate 222

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6.5. Geography Vocabulary-Basic 224

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6.6. Geography Vocabulary-Intermediate 226

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6.7. Science Vocabulary-Basic 227

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6.8. Science Vocabulary-Intermediate 229

Section 7 Culture 233

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7.1. Seasons, Holidays, and Culture 233

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7.2. Fall (Autumn) Holidays and Seasonal Words 235

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7.3. Winter Holidays and Seasonal Words 240

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7.4. Spring Holidays and Seasonal Words 247

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7.5. Summer Holidays and Seasonal Words 251

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7.6. Month-by-Month Commemorative Dates 252

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7.7. Flag Pledge and Patriotic Songs 255

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7.8. Government 258

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7.9. States 260

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7.10. Common Names 262

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7.11. International Proverbs 265

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7.12. Dichos: Spanish Proverbs 268

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7.13. Idioms Across Five Languages 270

Section 8 Teaching 273

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8.1. ESL Standards 273

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8.2. Thematic Language Units 274

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8.3. Word Walls 277

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8.4. Conversation Starters 279

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8.5. Discussion Starters 282

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8.6. Helping Students with Audience Recognition 286

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8.7. Activities for Developing Auditory Skills 288

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8.8. Activities for Developing Aural Skills 290

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8.9. Activities for Developing Oral Skills 292

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8.10. Activities for Grammar Instruction 296

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8.11. Activities for Vocabulary Development 300

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8.12. Activities for Improving Writing Skills 305

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8.13. Taste and Touch Lessons 309

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8.14. Journaling 310

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8.15. Interviewing 311

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8.16. Surveys 313

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8.17. Strategies for Inclusive ESL/ELL Classrooms 314

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8.18. New Literacies 316

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8.19. Test-Taking Strategies 317

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8.20. Bingo Blank 320

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8.21. Fill-in Event Calendar 321

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8.22. Five-by-Five Data Organizer 322

Section 9 Assessment 323

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9.1. Language Assessment Guidelines 323

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9.2. Assessing Language Proficiency 325

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9.3. Assessing Auditory and Aural Skills 327

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9.4. Assessing Oral Language Skills 329

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9.5. Assessing Reading Comprehension 332

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9.6. Assessing Written Language Skills 333

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9.7. Tests for Assessing English Language Learners 336

Section 10 Helpful Resources and References 341

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10.1. ESL/ELL Virtual Reference Library 341

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10.2. Web Sites for ESL/ELL Teachers 345

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10.3. Glossary of ESL/ELL Language Learning Terms 348