Preface vii

Chapter 1 Prologue 1

1.1 The Communication Process 1

1.2 The Layered Approach 2

1.3 Theme Example-Wireless Communications 3

Notes and References 7

Chapter 2 Fourier Theory and Communication Signals 8

2.1 Introduction 8

2.2 The Fourier Transform 8

2.3 Properties of the Fourier Transform 14

2.4 The Inverse Relationship Between Time and Frequency 28

2.5 Dirac Delta Function 32

2.6 Fourier Transforms of Periodic Signals 39

2.7 Transmission of Signals Through Linear Systems 41

2.8 Filters 47

2.9 Low-Pass and Band-Pass Signals 52

2.10 Band-Pass Systems 57

2.11 Phase and Group Delay 60

2.12 Sources of Information 62

2.13 Numerical Computation of the Fourier Transform 64

2.14 Theme Example-Channel Estimation of a Wireless LAN Channel 66

2.15 Summary and Discussion 69

Notes and References 69

Problems 70

Chapter 3 Amplitude Modulation 74

3.1 Introduction 74

3.2 Amplitude Modulation 75

3.3 Double Sideband?Suppressed Carrier Modulation 83

3.4 Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 87

3.5 Single-Sideband and Vestigial-Sideband Methods of Modulation 88

3.6 Theme Example-VSB Transmission of Analog and Digital Television 92

3.7 Frequency Translation 93

3.8 Frequency-Division Multiplexing 94

3.9 Summary and Discussion 95

Notes and References 96

Problems 96

Chapter 4 Phase and Frequency Modulation 102

4.1 Introduction 102

4.2 Basic Definitions 102

4.3 Frequency Modulation 109

4.4 Phase-Locked Loop 127

4.5 Nonlinear Effects in FM Systems 133

4.6 The Superheterodyne Receiver 135

4.7 Theme Example-Analog and Digital FM Cellular Telephones 137

4.8 Summary and Discussion 139

Notes and References 140

Problems 140

Chapter 5 Random Variables and Processes 146

5.1 Introduction 146

5.2 Probability 147

5.3 Random Variables 151

5.4 Statistical Averages 156

5.5 Random Processes 161

5.6 Mean, Correlation, and Covariance Functions 162

5.7 Transmission of a Random Process Through a Linear Filter 168

5.8 Power Spectral Density 169

5.9 Gaussian Process 175

5.10 Noise 179

5.11 Narrowband Noise 186

5.12 Theme Example-Stochastic Model of a Mobile Radio Channel 193

5.13 Summary and Discussion 198

Notes and References 200

Problems 201

Chapter 6 Noise in Analog Modulation 207

6.1 Introduction 207

6.2 Receiver Model 207

6.3 Noise in DSB?SC Receivers 210

6.4 Noise in AM Receivers 212

6.5 Noise in FM Receivers 215

6.6 Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis in FM 226

6.7 Theme Example-Link Budget of FM Satellite Link 229

6.8 Summary and Discussion 233

Notes and References 235

Problems 235

Chapter 7 Digital Representation of Analog Signals 238

7.1 Introduction 238

7.2 Why Digitize Analog Sources? 239

7.3 The Sampling Process 240

7.4 Pulse-Amplitude Modulation 244

7.5 Time-Division Multiplexing 247

7.6 Pulse-Position Modulation 248

7.7 Theme Example-PPM in Impulse Radio 255

7.8 The Quantization Process 256

7.9 Pulse-Code Modulation 260

7.10 Delta Modulation 267

7.11 Theme Example-Digitization of Video and MPEG 271

7.12 Summary and Discussion 273

Notes and References 274

Problems 275

Chapter 8 Baseband Transmission Of Digital Signals 279

8.1 Introduction 279

8.2 Baseband Pulses and Matched Filter Detection 280

8.3 Probability of Error Due to Noise 285

8.4 Intersymbol Interference 290

8.5 Eye Pattern 294

8.6 Nyquist’s Criterion for Distortionless Transmission 296

8.7 Baseband M-ary PAM Transmission 301

8.8 Tapped-Delay-Line Equalization 302

8.9 Theme Example-100BASE-TX- Transmission of 100 Mbps Over Twisted Pair 305

8.10 Summary and Discussion 308

Notes and References 309

Problems 309

Chapter 9 Band-pass Transmission Of Digital Signals 313

9.1 Introduction 313

9.2 Band-Pass Transmission Model 314

9.3 Transmission of Binary PSK and FSK 316

9.4 M-ary Data Transmission Systems 327

9.5 Comparison of Noise Performances of Various PSK and FSK Systems 331

9.6 Theme Example-Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) 333

9.7 Summary and Discussion 337

Notes and References 338

Problems 338

Chapter 10 Information and Forward Error Correction 342

10.1 Introduction 342

10.2 Uncertainty, Information, and Entropy 343

10.3 Source-Coding Theorem 347

10.4 Lossless Data Compression 348

10.5 Theme Example-The Lempel? Ziv Algorithm and File Compression 353

10.6 Discrete Memoryless Channels 355

10.7 Channel Capacity 357

10.8 Channel Coding Theorem 360

10.9 Capacity of a Gaussian Channel 363

10.10 Error Control Coding 366

10.11 Linear Block Codes 369

10.12 Convolutional Codes 379

10.13 Trellis-Coded Modulation 384

10.14 Turbo Codes 388

10.15 Summary and Discussion 393

Notes and References 394

Problems 395

Appendix Mathematical Tables 398

Glossary 405

Bibliography 409

Index 413