PREFACE
LETTER TO STUDENTS
PART 1
Jumping In

1-WRITING ABOUT LITERATURE: A CRASH COURSE
The Pleasures of Reading-and of Writing about Literature
The Open Secret of Good Writing
The Writing Process
A Checklist of the Basics

2-THE WRITER AS READER: READING AND RESPONDING
Kate Chopin, "Ripe Figs"
The Act of Reading
Reading with a Pen in Hand
Recording Your First Responses
Audience and Purpose
A Writing Assignment on "Ripe Figs"
The Assignment
A Sample Essay: "Images of Ripening in Kate Chopin's 'Ripe Figs' "
The Student's Analysis Analyzed
Critical Thinking and the Study of Literature

3-THE READER AS WRITER: DRAFTING AND WRITING
Pre-writing: Getting Ideas
Annotating a Text
More about Getting Ideas: A Second Story by Kate Chopin, "The Story of an Hour"
Kate Chopin: "The Story of an Hour"
Brainstorming for Ideas for Writing
Focused Free Writing
Listing
Asking Questions
Keeping a Journal
Critical Thinking: Arguing with Yourself
Arriving at a Thesis and Arguing It
Writing a Draft
A Sample Draft: "Ironies in an Hour"
Revising a Draft
A Checklist for Revising for Clarity
Two Ways of Outlining a Draft
A Checklist for Reviewing a Revised Draft
Peer Review
The Final Version
Sample Essay: "Ironies of Life in Kate Chopin's 'The Story of an Hour' "
The Analysis Analyzed
Quick Review: From First Response to Final Version: Writing an Essay about a Literary Work

4-TWO FORMS OF CRITICISM: EXPLICATION AND ANALYSIS
Explication
A Sample Explication: Langston Hughes's "Harlem"
Working toward an Explication of "Harlem"
Some Journal Entries
The Final Draft: "Langston Hughes's 'Harlem' "
The Analysis Analyzed
A Checklist: Drafting an Explication
Analysis: The Judgment of Solomon
Thinking about Form
Thinking about Character
Thoughts about Other Possibilities
For Further reading and Analysis: The Parable of the Prodigal Son NEW
Comparison: An Analytic Tool
A Checklist: Revising a Comparison
For Further Reading and Comparison: Gwendolyn Brooks's "We Real Cool" NEW
Finding a Topic
Considering the Evidence
Organizing the Material
Communicating Judgments
Review: How to Write an Effective Essay
1. Pre-writing
2. Drafting
3. Revising
4. Editing
An Editing Checklist: Questions to Ask Yourself When Editing
For Further Reading, Explication, and Comparison: William Blake's "The Tyger" NEW

5-OTHER KINDS OF WRITING ABOUT LITERATURE
A Summary
A Paraphrase
A Review
A Review of a Dramatic Production
A Sample Review: "An Effective Macbeth"


PART 2
Standing Back: Thinking Critically about Literature

6-LITERATURE, FORM, AND MEANING
Literature and Form
Literature and Meaning
Arguing about Meaning
Form and Meaning
Robert Frost, "The Span of Life"
Literature, Texts, Discourses, and Cultural Studies
Suggestions for Further Reading

7-WHAT IS INTERPRETATION?
Interpretation and Meaning
Is the Author's Intention a Guide to Meaning?
Features of a Good Interpretation
An Example: Interpreting Pat Mora's "Immigrants"
Thinking Critically about Literature
A Student Interpretation of Robert Frost's "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening"
Sample Essay: "Stopping by Woods and Going On"
For Further Interpretation, Comparison, and Writing: Robert Frost's "The Road Not Taken" NEW
Suggestions for Further Reading
A Checklist: Writing an Interpretation NEW

8-WHAT IS EVALUATION?
Criticism and Evaluation
Are There Critical Standards?
Morality and Truth as Standards
Other Ways to Think about Truth and Realism
Suggestions for Further Reading

9-WRITING ABOUT LITERATURE: AN OVERVIEW
The Nature of Critical Writing
Some Critical Approaches
Formalist Criticism (New Criticism)
Deconstruction
Reader-Response Criticism
Archetypal (or Myth) Criticism
Historical Criticism
Marxist Criticism
The New Historicism
Biographical Criticism
Psychological (or Psychoanalytic) Criticism
Gender (Feminist, and Lesbian and Gay) Criticism
Suggestions for Further Reading

PART 3
Up Close: Thinking Critically about Literary Forms

10-WRITING ABOUT FICTION: THE WORLD OF THE STORY
Plot and Character
Writing about a Character
A Sample Essay on a Character: "Holden's Kid Sister"
The Analysis Analyzed
Foreshadowing
Organizing an Essay on Foreshadowing
Setting and Atmosphere
Symbolism
A Sample Essay on Setting as Symbol: "Spring Comes to Mrs. Mallard"
"Spring Comes to Mrs. Mallard"
Point of View
Third-Person Narrators
First-Person Narrators
Notes and a Sample Essay on Narrative Point of View in James Joyce's "Araby"
"The Three First-Person Narrators of Joyce's 'Araby' "
The Analysis Analyzed
Theme: Vision or Argument?
Determining and Discussing the Theme
Preliminary Notes and a Sample Essay on the Theme of Eudora Welty's "A Worn Path"
Preliminary Notes
"Rising into Love" (essay on "A Worn Path")
A Brief Overview of the Essay
A Checklist: Writing about Theme NEW
Basing the Paper on Your Own Responses
A Note on Secondary Sources
A Second Essay about Theme: Notes and the Final Version of an Essay on Shirley Jackson's "The Lottery"
" We All Participate in 'The Lottery' "
The Analysis Analyzed
Suggestions for Further Reading
A Checklist: Getting Ideas for Writing about Fiction
A Checklist: Getting Ideas for Writing about a Film Based on a Work of Literature

11-GRAPHIC FICTION NEW
Letters and Pictures
Grant Wood's "Death on the Ridge Road" (painting)
Topic for Writing
Reading an Image: A Short Story Told in One Panel
Tony Carillo's "F Minus"

12-WRITING ABOUT DRAMA
A Sample Essay
Preliminary Notes
"The Solid Structure of The Glass Menagerie"
Types of Plays
Tragedy
A Checklist: Writing about Tragedy
Comedy Writing about Comedy
A Checklist: Writing about Comedy
Aspects of Drama
Theme
Plot
A Checklist: Writing about Plot
Characterization and Motivation
Conventions
Costumes, Gestures, and Settings
A Sample Essay on Setting in Drama
" What the Kitchen in Trifles Tells Us"
The Analysis Analyzed
Suggestions for Further Reading
A Checklist: Getting Ideas for Writing about Drama
A Checklist: Getting Ideas for Writing about a Film Based on a Play
A Student's Essay on a Filmed Version of a Play
"Branagh's Film of Hamlet"
A Checklist: Topics for Critical Thinking and Writing

13-WRITING ABOUT POETRY
The Speaker and the Poet
Emily Dickinson, "Wild Nights-Wild Nights"
The Language of Poetry: Diction and Tone
Edna St. Vincent Millay, "I, being born a woman and distressed"
Writing about the Speaker: Robert Frost's "The Telephone"
Robert Frost, "The Telephone"
Journal Entries
Figurative Language
John Keats, "On First Looking into Chapman's Homer"
Preparing to Write about Figurative Language
Imagery and Symbolism
William Blake, "The Sick Rose"
Structure
Robert Herrick, "Upon Julia's Clothes"
Annotating and Thinking about a Poem
The Student's Finished Essay: "Herrick's Julia, Julia's Herrick"
Some Kinds of Structure
Repetitive Structure
William Wordsworth, "A Slumber Did My Spirit Seal"
Logical Structure
John Donne, "The Flea"
Verbal Irony
Paradox
Explication
A Sample Explication of Yeats's "The Balloon of the Mind"
William Butler Yeats, "The Balloon of the Mind"
Rhythm and Versification: A Glossary for Reference
Rhythm
Meter
Patterns of Sound
Stanzaic Patterns
Blank Verse and Free Verse
Walt Whitman, "When I Heard the Learn'd Astronomer"
Preparing to Write about Prosody
Sample Essay on Metrics: "Sound and Sense in A. E. Housman's 'Eight O'Clock'"
"Sound and Sense in A. E. Housman's 'Eight O'Clock' "
The Analysis Analyzed
Suggestions for Further Reading
A Checklist: Getting Ideas for Writing about Poetry

14-POEMS AND PICTURES NEW
A Poem and a Sample Student Essay
Vincent van Gogn, "The Starry Night" (painting)
Anne Sexton, "The Starry Night"
Sample Essay: "Two Ways of Looking at a Starry Night"
The Language of Pictures
Writing about Pictures
Comparing and Contrasting
William Notman, "Foes in '76, Friends in '85" (photograph)
Analyzing and Evaluating Evidence
Thinking Critically: Arguing with Oneself,
Asking Questions, and Comparing-E.E. Cummings's "Buffalo Bill's"
A Writing Assignment: Connecting a Picture with a Work of Literature
Sample essay: "Two Views of Buffalo Bill"

15-WRITING ABOUT AN AUTHOR IN DEPTH
A Case Study: Writing about Langston Hughes
Langston Hughes, "The South"
Langston Hughes, "Ruby Brown"
Langston Hughes, "Ballad of the Landlord"
Sample essay: "A National Problem: Race and Racism in the Poetry of Langston Hughes"
A Brief Overview of the Essay


PART 4
Inside: Style, Format, and Special Assignments

16-STYLE AND FORMAT
Principles of Style
Get the Right Word
Write Effective Sentences
A Checklist for Revising for Conciseness
Write Unified and Coherent Paragraphs
A Checklist: Revising Paragraphs
Write Emphatically
Notes on the Dash and the Hyphen
Remarks about Manuscript Form
Basic Manuscript Form
Quotations and Quotation Marks

17-WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER
What Research Is Not, and What Research Is
Primary and Secondary Materials
Locating Material: First Steps
Other Bibliographic Aids
The Basics
Moving Ahead: Finding Sources for Research Work
What Does Your Own Institution Offer?
Taking Notes
Incorporating Your Reading into Your Thinking: The Art and Science of Synthesis NEW
Drafting Your Paper
Focus on Primary Sources
Documentation
What to Document: Avoiding Plagiarism
A Checklist for Avoiding Plagiarism
How to Document: Footnotes, Internal Parenthetical Citations, and a List of Works Cited (MLA Format)
Sample Essay with Documentation: "The Women in Death of a Salesman"
A Checklist: Reading the Draft of a Research Paper
Electronic Sources
Encyclopedias: Print and Electronic Versions
The Internet/World Wide Web
Evaluating Sources on the World Wide Web
A Checklist: A Review for Using the World Wide Web
Documentation: Citing a Web Source
A Checklist: Citing World Wide Web Sources

APPENDIX A: TWO STORIES
James Joyce, "Araby"
Eudora Welty, "A Worn Path"

APPENDIX B: GLOSSARY OF LITERARY TERMS

APPENDIX C: HOW MUCH DO YOU KNOW ABOUT CITING SOURCES? A QUIZ WITH ANSWERS

CREDITS

INDEX OF AUTHORS, TITLES, AND FIRST LINES OF POEMS

INDEX OF TERMS