1 The study of word structure 7
1.1 How are words composed? 9
1.2 The nature of words 17
2 Why have a morphology at all? 22
2.1 Morphology and syntax in [actual symbols not reproducible] 23
2.2 Morphology vs. syntax in general 37
2.3 Morphology vs. phonology 42
2.4 Conclusion 47
3 Is morphology really about morphemes? 48
3.1 Classical morphemes 48
3.2 Classical problems with morphemes 51
3.3 Generalizing the structure of the morpheme 56
3.4 Items vs. processes in morphology 59
3.5 Word-based vs. morpheme-based morphology 69
3.6 Conclusion 71
4 The interaction of morphology and syntax 73
4.1 What is inflection? 74
4.2 Morphosyntactic Representations 85
4.3 Conclusion 100
5 The theory of inflection 102
5.1 Agreement 103
5.2 The assignment of configurational properties 118
5.3 Deriving the phonological form of inflected words 122
5.4 Conclusion 135
6 Some complex inflectional systems 136
6.1 Georgian Verb agreement 137
6.2 Potawatomi inflectional morphology 156
Appendix: summary of Potawatomi rules 177
7 Morphology in the lexicon: derivation 180
7.1 The lexicon 180
7.2 Derivational rules 184
7.3 Productivity and lexicalization 195
7.4 Conclusion 197
8 Clitics are phrasal affixes 198
8.1 The nature of clitics 199
8.2 The nature of affixes 205
8.3 Clitics as phrase-level morphology 210
8.4 The formal expression of 'clitic placement' 216
8.5 Conclusions 221
9 The relation of morphology to phonology 224
9.1 Boundary elements in phonological theory 227
9.2 The interaction of morphology and phonology 249
9.3 Conclusion 255
10 How much structure do words have? 256
10.1 Eliminating word-internal structure 256
10.2 Possible motivations for word-internal structure 261
10.3 Conclusion 290
11 Composites: words with internal structure 292
11.1 Compounds and their structure 294
11.2 Generalizing the notion of 'compound' 299
11.3 Word-internal structure and theories of the lexicon 305
11.4 The notion 'head of a word' 310
11.5 Summary and conclusion 318
12 Morphology and the typology of languages 320
12.1 Goals of a morphological typology of languages 320
12.2 Sapir's typology of word structure 325
12.3 Conclusion 334
13 Morphological change 336
13.1 Morphological change and synchronic morphology 337
13.2 The morphologization of phonological rules 339
13.3 The morphologization of syntactic structures 346
13.4 Analogy, or changes in morphological rules 365
13.5 Conclusion 372
14 Morphology as a computational problem 373
14.1 Reasons to study morphology as parsing 373
14.2 Approaches to computational morphology 376
14.3 Some general problems 387
14.4 Alternatives to existing approaches 393
14.5 Conclusion