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Preface xi
Part I Dark Data: Their Origins and Consequences Chapter 1 Dark Data: What We Don't See Shapes Our World 3 The Ghost of Data 3 So You Think You Have All the Data? 12 Nothing Happened, So We Ignored It 17 The Power of Dark Data 22 All around Us 24 Chapter 2 Discovering Dark Data: What We Collect and What We Don't 28 Dark Data on All Sides 28 Data Exhaust, Selection, and Self-Selection 31 From the Few to the Many 43 Experimental Data 56 Beware Human Frailties 67 Chapter 3 Definitions and Dark Data: What Do You Want to Know? 72 Different Definitions and Measuring the Wrong Thing 72 You Can't Measure Everything 80 Screening 90 Selection on the Basis of Past Performance 94 Chapter 4 Unintentional Dark Data: Saying One Thing, Doing Another 98 The Big Picture 98 Summarizing 102 Human Error 103 Instrument Limitations 108 Linking Data Sets 111 Chapter 5 Strategic Dark Data: Gaming, Feedback, and Information Asymmetry 114 Gaming 114 Feedback 122 Information Asymmetry 128 Adverse Selection and Algorithms 130 Chapter 6 Intentional Dark Data: Fraud and Deception 140 Fraud 140 Identity Theft and Internet Fraud 144 Personal Financial Fraud 149 Financial Market Fraud and Insider Trading 153 Insurance Fraud 158 And More 163 Chapter 7 Science and Dark Data: The Nature of Discovery 167 The Nature of Science 167 If Only I'd Known That 171 Tripping over Dark Data 181 Dark Data and the Big Picture 184 Hiding the Facts 199 Retraction 215 Provenance and Trustworthiness: Who Told You That? 217 Part II Illuminating and Using Dark Data Chapter 8 Dealing with Dark Data: Shining a Light 223 Hope! 223 Linking Observed and Missing Data 224 Identifying the Missing Data Mechanism 233 Working with the Data We Have 236 Going Beyond the Data: What If You Die First? 241 Going Beyond the Data: Imputation 245 Iteration 252 Wrong Number! 256 Chapter 9 Benefiting from Dark Data: Refraining the Question 262 Hiding Data 262 Hiding Data from Ourselves: Randomized Controlled Trials 263 What Might Have Been 265 Replicated Data 269 Imaginary Data: The Bayesian Prior 276 Privacy and Confidentiality Preservation 278 Collecting Data in the Dark 287 Chapter 10 Classifying Dark Data: A Route through the Maze 291 A Taxonomy of Dark Data 291 Illumination 298 Notes 307 Index 319 |
David Hand
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