Preface ix
1. Meat in Nutrition 3
Meat Eating and Health: Benefits and Concerns 4
Meat and its nutrients 6
Meat as a source of food energy 11
High-quality protein and human growth 17
Carnivory and civilizational diseases 20
Diseased meat 24
2. Meat in Human Evolution 31
Hunting Wild Animals: Meat in Human Evolution 33
Primates and hominins 35
Meat consumption during the Paleolithic period 39
Extinction of the late Pleistocene megafauna 42
Hunting in different ecosystems 45
Wild meat in sedentary societies 49
Traditional Societies: Animals, Diets and Limits 51
Domestication of animals 53
Population densities and environmental imperatives 56
Long stagnation of typical meat intakes 59
Avoidances, taboos and proscriptions 63
Meat as a prestige food 66
3. Meat in Modern Societies 71
Dietary Transitions: Modernization of Tastes 72
Urbanization and industrialization 74
Long-distance meat trade 77
Meat in the Western dietary transition 81
Transitions in modernizing economies 84
Globalization of tastes 86
Output and Consumption: Modem Meat Chain 89
Changing life cycles 91
Slaughtering of animals 94
Processing meat 98
Consuming and wasting meat 102
Making sense of meat statistics 107
4. What It Takes to Produce Meat 113
Modem Meat Production: Practices and Trends 117
Meat from pastures and mixed farming 118
Confined animal feeding 122
Animal feedstuffs 127
Productivity efficiencies and changes 135
Treatment of animals 141
Meat: An Environmentally Expensive Food 145
Animal densities and aggregate zoomass 147
Changing animal landscapes 150
Intensive production of feedstuffs 155
Water use and water pollution 160
Meat and the atmosphere 168
5. Possible Futures 177
Toward Rational Meat Eating: Alternatives and Adjustments 181
Meatless diets 183
Meat substitutes and cultured meat 188
Protein from other animal foodstuffs 192
Less meaty diets 200
A large potential for rational meat production 203
Prospects for Change 210
References 217
Index 251