PART 01 수질 환경

CHAPTER 01 수질오염 개론 ··············································································· 13
01 기초단위환산 ······················································13
1. 기초단위 / 13 2. 기초물리량 / 14
3. 기초단위개념 / 16 4. 농도 / 17
5. pH(수소이온농도지수) / 18 6. 산과 염기의 중화반응 / 18
적중문제 / 19
02 수자원 및 물의 특성 ···············································23
1. 물의 특성 / 23 2. 수자원 분포 및 특성 / 24
3. 수자원 종류 및 특징 / 25
적중문제 / 34
03 수질오염 ·························································51
1. 오염원의 종류 / 51 2. 수질오염물질 / 53
적중문제 / 61
04 물질순환 ·························································65
1. 물의 순환 / 65 2. 탄소순환 / 65
3. 질소순환 / 67 4. 인의 순환 / 70
5. 황의 순환 / 70 6. 에너지 흐름 / 71
적중문제 / 73
05 반응속도 ·························································78
1. 반응속도(Reaction rate) / 78 2. 세포의 비증식속도 / 79
3. 반응조 / 80
적중문제 / 83
06 수질오염지표 ·····················································87
1. DO(Dissolved Oxygen, 용존산소) / 87
2. BOD(Biochemical Oxygen Demand, 생물화학적 산소요구량) / 88
3. COD(Chemical Oxygen Demand, 화학적 산소요구량) / 92
4. 기타 유기물 표현지수 / 96 5. 부유물질(SS ; Suspended Solid) / 97
6. 경도(Hardness) / 98 7. 알칼리도(Alkalinity) / 101
8. 콜로이드(Colloid) / 104 9. 총대장균군 / 105
10.탁도 / 112 11. 색도 / 113
적중문제 / 114
07 수질생물학 ······················································130
1. 미생물의 분류 / 130 2. 미생물의 종류 / 131
3. 수인성 전염병(water-borne infection) / 134 4. 지표생물 / 136
적중문제 / 137
08 수질환경화학 ·····················································144
1. 용해도 / 144 2. 화학반응 / 146
3. 완충작용 / 147
적중문제 / 148
09 수자원관리 ······················································152
1. 하천수의 수질관리 / 152 2. 호소수의 수질관리 / 159
3. 해역의 수질관리 / 163
적중문제 / 165

CHAPTER 02 수질오염 방지기술 ······································································ 178
01 폐수처리 계통 ····················································178
1. 물리?화학?생물학적 처리 / 178 2. 단위공정 기술의 단계별 처리순서 / 180
3. 물환경보전법상 수질오염방지시설 / 180 4. 도시 하수처리 계통도 / 181
적중문제 / 183
02 물리적 처리 ·····················································186
1. 스크리닝(Screening) / 186 2. 침사지 / 187
3. 파쇄장치 / 190 4. 유량조정조 / 190
5. 침전지 / 192 6. 부상조 / 196
7. 여과 / 197 8. 막여과(membrane filtration) / 203
적중문제 / 208

03 화학적 처리 ·····················································216
1. 화학적 처리(Chemical treatment) / 216 2. 중화법 / 216
3. 화학적 응집침전(Coagulation) / 217 4. 환원처리 / 226
5. 산화법 / 227 6. 흡착 / 230
7. 이온교환(ion exchange) / 235 8. 소독 / 238
9. 염소소독 / 240 10. 기타 소독방법 / 246
적중문제 / 258
04 생물학적 처리 ····················································277
1. 생물학적 처리 / 277 2. 표준활성슬러지법(재래식 활성슬러지법) / 281
3. 활성슬러지 변법 / 290 4. 생물막법 / 300
5. 산화지 / 309 6. 혐기성 처리 / 312
7. 혐기성 반응조의 종류 / 315 8. 슬러지 처리 / 322
적중문제 / 330
05 고도처리 ························································356
1. 고도처리 / 356 2. 질소 고도처리 / 357
3. 인 고도처리 / 360 4. 질소, 인 동시제거 / 365
적중문제 / 370

CHAPTER 03 상하수도 ····················································································· 379
01 상수도공학 ······················································379
1. 기본계획 / 379 2. 수원 및 집수시설 / 381
3. 취수시설 / 382 4. 도수시설(송수시설과 비슷) / 385
5. 정수시설 / 386 6. 송수시설 / 391
7. 배수시설 / 392
8. 급수시설(상수의 급수관 매설심도：일반적으로 60cm 이상) / 394
02 하수도 공학 ·····················································394
1. 기본계획 / 394 2. 관거시설 / 398
3. 펌프장시설 / 401 4. 하수처리시설 / 407
적중문제 / 410

CHAPTER 04 공정시험기준 ··············································································· 419
1. 총칙 / 419 2. 시료의 채취 및 보존방법 / 421
3. 유량측정방법 / 425 4. 시료의 전처리방법 / 432

CHAPTER 05 수질관련법규 ··············································································· 433
1. 환경정책기본법 시행령 / 433
2. 먹는물 수질기준 및 검사 등에 관한 규칙 / 439
3. 지하수의 수질보전 등에 관한 규칙 / 442
4. 물환경보전법 / 443


PART 02 대기 환경
CHAPTER 01 대기오염 개론 ············································································· 457
01 대기오염의 특성 ··················································457
1. 대기오염의 정의 / 457 2. 대기오염의 원인 / 458
3. 대기오염의 영향인자 / 458
02 대기오염원의 현황 ················································459
1. 대기오염물질 배출원 / 459 2. 대기오염물질의 분류 / 460
03 입자상 물질 ·····················································461
1. 입자상 물질의 정의와 분류 / 461 2. 입자상 물질의 특징 / 463
3. 인체에 미치는 영향 / 464
적중문제 / 465
04 가스상 물질 ·····················································467
1. 황산화물(SOX) / 467 2. 질소산화물(NOX) / 469
3. 이산화탄소(CO2) / 471 4. 일산화탄소(CO) / 472
5. 탄화수소(HC) / 473 6. VOCs(휘발성유기화합물) / 473
7. 다환방향족탄화수소류(PAHs；Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons) / 479
8. 광화학 옥시던트(Photochemical Oxidants) / 481
9. 암모니아(NH3) / 482 10. 염소 및 그 화합물 / 483
11. 폼알데하이드(HCHO, CH2O) / 483 12. 벤젠(C6H6) / 484
13. 브로민(Bromine, Br2) / 484 14. 불소 및 그 화합물 / 485
15. 오존(O3) / 485
/적중문제 / 495
05 중금속 및 기타 오염물질 ···········································500
1. 납(Pb) / 500 2. 크롬(Cr) / 500
3. 카드뮴(Cd) / 501 4. 수은(Hg) / 501
5. 비소(As) / 502 6. 기타 오염물질 / 503
7. 라돈(Rn) / 504 8. 석면 / 505
9. 다이옥신(Dioxin) / 506
적중문제 / 511
06 대기오염사건 ·····················································516
1. 대기오염의 역사 / 516 2. 역사적인 대기오염사건 / 516
3. 런던 스모그와 LA 스모그 비교 / 518 4. 환경 관련 협약 / 519
5. 스모그(smog) / 525
적중문제 / 530
07 자동차오염 ······················································535
1. 자동차 배출가스 / 535
2. 자동차의 AFR에 따른 배출가스 오염물질의 농도 / 537
3. 자동차 연료별 특징 / 537 4. 디젤자동차의 특징 / 539
5. 배출가스 방지기술 / 540 6. 기타 자동차의 종류 / 541
적중문제 / 544
08 실내공기오염 ····················································546
1. 실내공기오염의 종류 / 546 2. 대표적 실내오염물질 / 547
3. 실내공기질 관리법 / 547
적중문제 / 551
09 미기상학 ························································554
1. 대기의 성질 / 554 2. 대기층의 구조 / 555
3. 대기의 상태 / 557 4. 대기의 안정도 판정 / 558
5. 기온역전 / 560 6. 역전에 따른 플룸(plume)형태 / 563
7. 장애물에 의한 플룸 형태 / 565 8. 유효굴뚝높이(He) / 566
9. 최대혼합고(MMD；Maximum Mixing Depth) / 567
10.대기오염물질의 분산 / 568 11. 시정거리(가시거리) / 569
10 대기확산모델 ····················································571
1. 대기확산모델 / 571 2. 대기오염모델의 구성 / 571
3. 확산식의 기초(Fick’s 확산법칙) / 572 4. 대기오염모델의 종류 / 573
5. 상자모델 / 574 6. 가우시안(Gaussian) 모델 / 575
7. 3차원 수치모델(통계모델)；Lagrangian, Eulerian 모델 등 / 577
8. 기타 모델 / 577 9. 유체모형실험(물리적 모델) / 579
10.모델의 활용현황 및 개선방향 / 579
11 바람 ···························································580
1. 바람에 작용하는 힘 / 580 2. 바람의 종류 / 580
3. 해륙풍과 산곡풍 / 581
적중문제 / 582

CHAPTER 02 연소공학 ····················································································· 593
1. 연소이론 / 593 2. 연료이론 / 597
3. 발열량(發熱量, heating value) / 602 4. 연소계산 / 605
5. 연소장치 및 시설 / 609 6. 소각로 / 610
7. 통풍 및 통풍방식 / 614 8. 국소배기시설 / 615
적중문제 / 621

CHAPTER 03 대기오염방지기술 ········································································ 631
01 집진장치 ························································631
1. 집진장치 설계 시 고려인자 / 631 2. 집진장치의 종류 및 특성 / 634
3. 중력집진장치 / 635 4. 관성력 집진장치 / 636
5. 원심력 집진장치(cyclone) / 638 6. 세정집진장치 / 642
7. 여과집진장치(Bag House, Bag Filter) / 647
8. 전기집진장치(Electrostatic Precipitator) / 652
9. 집진장치의 집진효율 / 657
적중문제 / 659
02 유해가스방지기술 ·················································668
1. 유해가스 처리기술 / 668 2. 흡수법 / 669
3. 흡착법 / 675 4. 연소법 / 678
5. 황산화물 방지기술 / 679 6. 질소산화물의 제어 / 683
적중문제 / 689

PART 03 폐기물관리 및 처리기술

CHAPTER 01 폐기물 관리 ·················································································· 13
1. 폐기물의 정의 및 분류 / 13 2. 지정폐기물 / 16
3. 의료폐기물의 종류 / 21
적중문제 / 22

CHAPTER 02 폐기물 발생 ·················································································· 27
1. 폐기물의 발생 / 27 2. 폐기물의 성상 / 30
3. 폐기물 발생량 예측방법 / 30 4. 폐기물 발생량 측정방법 / 31
5. 폐기물 발생량 영향인자 / 32
적중문제 / 33

CHAPTER 03 폐기물의 성상 및 분석 ·································································· 39
1. 폐기물 시료채취 / 39 2. 폐기물의 물리화학적 조성분석 / 42
3. 폐기물발열량 / 43 4. 슬러지 / 45
적중문제 / 46

CHAPTER 04 폐기물 관리계통 ············································································ 53
1. 폐기물 처리계통 및 수거 / 53 2. 적환장 설계 및 운전관리 / 57
3. 청소상태 평가방법 / 59
적중문제 / 61

CHAPTER 05 폐기물 관련정책 및 제도 ······························································ 65
1. 폐기물관리정책 / 65 2. 폐기물관리제도 / 70
적중문제 / 80

CHAPTER 06 폐기물의 자원화 ············································································ 85
1. 자원화 효과 및 저해요소 / 85 2. 자원화 분류 / 85
3. 퇴비화 / 86 4. RDF(Refuse Derived Fuel) / 92
5. 열분해(Pyrolysis) / 94
적중문제 / 99

CHAPTER 07 유해폐기물의 중간처리 ································································ 110
1. 압축 / 110 2. 파쇄 / 111
3. 선별 / 115 4. 소각 / 123
5. 안정화 및 고형화 / 128
적중문제 / 132

CHAPTER 08 폐기물의 최종처리 ······································································ 145
1. 매립지 선정 / 145 2. 매립방법의 분류 / 147
3. 매립방법에 따른 분류 및 특징 / 147 4. 매립구조에 따른 분류 및 특징 / 149
5. 매립공법에 따른 분류 및 특징 / 152 6. 폐기물 종류에 의한 분류 / 156
7. 매립으로 인한 환경변화 / 156 8. 침출수 / 161
9. 매립지 안정화 / 163 10. 매립의 장단점 / 164
11. 매립지의 주요 구조물 및 시설 / 164 12. 복토 / 168
적중문제 / 169
CHAPTER 09 폐기물 관련 법규 ········································································ 190
1. 총칙 / 190
2. 폐기물 처리에 관한 구체적 기준 및 방법 / 197
3. 폐기물 처분시설 또는 재활용시설의 설치기준 / 216
적중문제 / 231

PART 04 토양 환경과 지하수 오염

CHAPTER 01 토양 환경 ···················································································· 237
01 토양 오염 ·······················································237
1. 토양의 구조 및 성분 / 237 2. 토양 부식물질(Humic Substance) / 241
02 토양의 특성 ·····················································244
1. 토양 내 무기물질 / 244
2. 양이온교환용량(CEC；Cation Exchange Capacity) / 245
3. 염기포화도 / 246 4. 산화환원전위(ORP) / 247
5. 토양 공극률(Porosity, %) / 247 6. 토양수분 / 248
7. 토양공기 / 249 8. 토양의 생성작용 / 249
9. 점토광물 / 250
03 토양오염 ························································254
1. 토양오염 / 254 2. 토양오염 관련법규 / 257
04 토양오염 처리대책 및 기술 ·········································264
1. 토양의 복원처리 / 264 2. 복원기술의 분류 / 265
3. 물리?화학적 복원기술 / 268 4. 생물학적 복원기술 / 276
5. 열적 복원기술 / 287 6. 토양오염복원기술의 정리 / 293

CHAPTER 02 지하수 오염 ················································································ 302
01 지하수 개요 ·····················································302
1. 지하수의 구조 / 302 2. 수리지질 특성 인자 / 303
3. 지하수 유동 / 305
4. 지하수 오염물질(NAPL；Non Aqueous Phase Liquid) / 307
02 지하수 복원기술 ··················································308
1. 양수처리법(Pump and Treat Technology) / 308
2. 공기분사법(Air-sparging) / 309
3. 슬러리월 공법[Slurry wall, 수직차단벽법(Vertical barriers)] / 311
4. 투수성 반응벽체 공법(permeable reactive barrier；PRB) / 311
5. Bioreactors / 312
6. 공기탈기법(Air-stripping) / 313
7. 생물학적 정화(Bioremediation) / 313
8. 바이오슬러핑(Bioslurping) / 313
9. 자외선 산화 / 314
10. Extraction well 공법 / 314
11. Collection trench 공법 / 314
적중문제 / 315


PART 05 소음?진동
CHAPTER 01 소음학 개론 ················································································ 337
1. 소음의 물리적 성질 / 337 2. 소리의 성질 / 343
3. 소음관련법칙 / 348 4. 음의 크기에 영향을 주는 물리량 / 349
5. 소음의 크기 표현 / 350 6. 감각적 음의 크기 / 352
7. 소음계의 구조 / 357 8. 음(소음)의 발생과 특성 / 358
9. 소음의 거리감쇠 / 360 10. 청각의 전달경로 및 귀의 구조별 역할 / 363
11. 소음의 계산 / 364
적중문제 / 365

CHAPTER 02 소음대책 ····················································································· 383
1. 음의 분류 / 383 2. 음의 3요소 / 384
3. 소음공해 / 387 4. 소음의 평가 / 391
5. 소음방지 / 397
적중문제 / 405

CHAPTER 03 진동학 개론 ················································································ 417
1. 진동의 물리적 성질 / 417 2. 공해진동의 크기 표현 / 418
3. 진동측정기기 / 420 4. 진동의 종류 / 422
5. 강제진동의 발생원인 / 424 6. 진동의 영향 및 피해 / 425
적중문제 / 427

CHAPTER 04 방진대책 ····················································································· 433
1. 방진(Vibration Control) / 433 2. 진동방지 대책 / 434
3. 진동방지계획 및 진행방법 / 437 4. 방진재 / 437
5. 방진설계 / 440
적중문제 / 442

CHAPTER 05 용어정리 ····················································································· 450
1. 소음 용어 / 450 2. 진동 용어 / 451


PART 부록 환경관계 법규
CHAPTER 01 환경정책기본법 ············································································ 455

CHAPTER 02 수질관련 법규 ············································································· 463
1. 물환경보전법 / 463
2. 지하수의 수질보전 등에 관한 규칙 / 489
3. 먹는물 수질기준 / 490

CHAPTER 03 대기관련 법규 ············································································· 493

CHAPTER 04 대기오염관련 법규 ······································································ 499
1. 미세먼지 저감 및 관리에 관한 특별법 / 499
2. 신에너지 및 재생에너지 개발ㆍ이용ㆍ보급 촉진법 / 503
3. 저탄소 녹색성장 기본법 / 505
4. 악취방지법 / 508

CHAPTER 05 폐기물관련 법규 ·········································································· 510

CHAPTER 06 소음?진동관련 법규 ··································································· 512
?참고자료 / 522