이슬람세계의 문화에서의 철학의 역사이야기.THE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY IN ISLAM. by T. J. de Boer

CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTION.
Page
1. The Theatre
1?6
1. Ancient Arabia
1
2. The first Caliphs. Medina. The Shi?ites
2
3. The Omayyads. Damascus, Basra and Kufa
3
4. The Abbasids. Bagdad
3
5. Minor States. Fall of the Caliphate
5
2. Oriental Wisdom
6?11
1. Semitic Speculation
6
2. Persian Religion. Zrwanism
8
3. Indian Wisdom
8
3. Greek Science
11?30
1. The Syrians
11
2. The Christian Churches
11
3. Edessa and Nisibis
12
4. Harran
13
5. Gondeshapur
14
6. Syriac Translations
14
7. Philosophy among the Syrians
16
8. Arabic Translations
17
9. The Philosophy of the Translators
19
10. Range of Tradition
21
11. Continuation of Neo-Platonism
22
12. The “Book of the Apple”
24
13. The “Theology of Aristotle”
25
14. Conception of Aristotle
27
15. Philosophy in Islam
28
[X]
CHAPTER II.
PHILOSOPHY AND ARAB KNOWLEDGE.
1. Grammatical Science
31?35
1. The several Sciences
31
2. The Arabic Language. The Koran
31
3. The Grammarians of Basra and Kufa
32
4. Grammar influenced by Logic. Metrical Studies
33
5. Grammatical Science and Philosophy
35
2. Ethical Teaching
36?41
1. Tradition and Individual Opinion (Sunna, Hadith, Ra?y)
36
2. Analogy (Qiyas). Consensus of the Congregation (Idjma)
37
3. Position and Contents of the Muslim Ethical System (al-Fiqh)
38
4. Ethics and Politics
40
3. Doctrinal Systems
41?64
1. Christian Dogmatic
41
2. The Kalam
42
3. The Mutazilites and their Opponents
43
4. Human and Divine Action
44
5. The Being of God
46
6. Revelation and Reason
48
7. Abu-l-Hudhail
49
8. Nazzam
51
9. Djahiz
53
10. Muammar and Abu Hashim
54
11. Ashari
55
12. The Atomistic Kalam
57
13. Mysticism or Sufism
62
4. Literature and History
65?71
1. Literature
65
2. Abu-l-Atahia. Mutanabbi. Abu-l-Ala. Hariri
65
3. Annalistic. Historical Tradition
67
4. Masudi and Muqaddasi
69
CHAPTER III.
THE PYTHAGOREAN PHILOSOPHY.
1. Natural Philosophy [XI]
72?80
1. The Sources
72
2. Mathematical Studies
73
3. Natural Science
75
4. Medicine
76
5. Razi
77
6. The Dahrites
80
2. The Faithful Brethren of Basra
81?96
1. The Karmatites
81
2. The Brethren and their Encyclopaedia
82
3. Eclecticism
84
4. Knowledge
85
5. Mathematics
87
6. Logic
89
7. God and the World
90
8. The Human Soul
92
9. Philosophy of Religion
93
10. Ethics
94
11. Influence of the Encyclopaedia
95
CHAPTER IV.
THE NEO-PLATONIC ARISTOTELIANS OF THE EAST.
1. Kindi
97?106
1. His Life
97
2. Relation to Theology
99
3. Mathematics
100
4. God; World; Soul
101
5. Doctrine of the Spirit (?aql)
102
6. Kindi as an Aristotelian
104
7. The School of Kindi
105
2. Farabi
106?128
1. The Logicians
106
2. Farabi’s Life
107
3. Relation to Plato and Aristotle
108
4. Farabi’s Conception of Philosophy
110
5. His Logic
111
6. His Metaphysics. Being. God
114
7. The Celestial World
115
8. The Terrestrial World
117
9. The Human Soul
118
10. The Spirit in Man
119
11. Farabi’s Ethics
121
12. His Politics
122
13. The Future Life
123
14. General Survey of Farabi’s System
124
15. Effects of his Philosophy. Sidjistani
126
3. Ibn Maskawaih [XII]
128?131
1. His Position
128
2. The Nature of the Soul
128
3. The Principles of his Ethics
129
4. Ibn Sina (Avicenna)
131?148
1. His Life
131
2. His Work
132
3. Branches of Philosophy. Logic
134
4. Metaphysics and Physics
135
5. Anthropology and Psychology
139
6. The Reason
141
7. Allegorical Representation of the Doctrine of the Reason
143
8. Esoteric Teaching
144
9. Ibn Sina’s Time. Beruni
145
10. Behmenyar
146
11. Survival of Ibn Sina’s Influence
147
5. Ibn al-Haitham (Alhazen)
148?153
1. Scientific Movement turning Westward
148
2. Ibn al-Haitham’s Life and Works
149
3. Perception and Judgment
150
4. Slender effect left by his Teaching
152
CHAPTER V.
THE OUTCOME OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE EAST.
1. Gazali
154?168
1. Dialectic and Mysticism
154
2. Gazali’s Life
155
3. Attitude towards his Time: Hostility to Aristotelianism
158
4. The World as the Production of God’s Free Creative Might
159
5. God and Divine Providence
162
6. Doctrine of the Resurrection
163
7. Gazali’s Theology
164
8. Experience and Revelation
166
9. Estimate of Gazali’s Position and Teaching
168
2. The Epitomists
169?171
1. Position of Philosophy in the East, after Gazali’s Time
169
2. Philosophical Culture
170
CHAPTER VI.
PHILOSOPHY IN THE WEST.
1. Beginnings [XIII]
172?175
1. The Age of the Omayyads
172
2. The Eleventh Century
174
2. Ibn Baddja (Avempace)
175?181
1. The Almoravids
175
2. Ibn Baddja’s Life
176
3. The Character of his Works
177
4. His Logic and Metaphysics
177
5. His Opinions regarding Soul and Spirit
178
6. The Individual Man
179
3. Ibn Tofail (Abubacer)
181?187
1. The Almohads
181
2. Ibn Tofail’s Life
182
3. “Hai ibn Yaqzan”
182
4. “Hai” and the Development of Humanity
184
5. “Hai’s” Ethics
185
4. Ibn Roshd (Averroes)
187?199
1. His Life
187
2. Ibn Roshd and Aristotle
188
3. Logic. Attainability of Truth
189
4. The World and God
191
5. Body and Spirit
193
6. Spirit and Spirits
194
7. Estimate of Ibn Roshd as a Thinker
196
8. Summary of his Views on the Relations of Theology, Religion and Philosophy to one another. Practical Philosophy
197
CHAPTER VII.
CONCLUSION.
1. Ibn Khaldun
200?208
1. The Conditions of his Time
200
2. Ibn Khaldun’s Life
201
3. Philosophy and Worldly Experience
202
4. Philosophy of History. Historical Method
204
5. The Subject of History
205
6. Characterization
206
2. The Arabs and Scholasticism
208?213
1. Political Situation. The Jews
208
2. Palermo and Toledo
209
3. Parisian Averroism in the Thirteenth Century
211