Part 01 미시경제학의 기초

01 경제학······································································· 4
Ⅰ 의의······································································ 4
Ⅱ 경제문제······························································ 4
Ⅲ 균형(equilibrium) ·············································· 6
Ⅳ 선택(choice) ······················································· 7
02 경제학의 방법론·················································· 16
Ⅰ 횡틀 : 시장과 정부············································ 16
Ⅱ 순환틀································································· 17
Ⅲ 경제모형(경제이론) ··········································· 18

Part 02 시장 균형(완전경쟁시장)

01 시장········································································· 24
Ⅰ 의의·····································································24
Ⅱ 유형···································································· 24
02 시장균형의 중요성············································· 25
03 시장수요곡선······················································· 25
Ⅰ 의의···································································· 25
Ⅱ 수요의 법칙(law of demand) ························ 29
Ⅲ 수요의 가격탄력성(price elasticity of demand) ···31
Ⅳ 수요의 소득탄력성(income elasticity of demand) ···42
Ⅴ 수요의 교차탄력성(cross elasticity of demand) ·44
04 시장공급곡선······················································· 47
Ⅰ 의의···································································· 47
Ⅱ 공급의 법칙······················································· 50
Ⅲ 공급의 가격탄력성··········································· 50
05 시장균형······························································· 55
Ⅰ 의의···································································· 55
Ⅱ 균형의 존재성··················································· 57
Ⅲ 균형의 유일성··················································· 57
Ⅳ 균형의 안정성················································· 58
Ⅴ 균형의 효율성, 공평성 : 미시························ 61
Ⅵ 균형의 안정, 성장 : 거시······························· 63
06 정책······································································ 64
Ⅰ 물품세 부과의 효과········································ 64
Ⅱ 보조금 지급의 효과········································ 74
Ⅲ 가격규제의 효과·············································· 77
Ⅳ 농산물의 가격 파동········································ 86
Ⅴ 농민의 소득증대정책 비교····························· 87
Ⅵ 마약과의 전쟁················································· 90

Part 03 소비자 선택이론

01 소비자 선택이론의 중요성····························· 94
02 소비자 선택이론의 의의································ 94
03 소비자의 목표··················································· 95
Ⅰ 상품묶음(commodity bundle) ····················· 95
Ⅱ 소비자의 선호체계(preference system) ··········· 95
Ⅲ 효용함수(utility function) ······························ 96
Ⅳ 무차별곡선(indifference curve) : 주관적 ············· 101
04 소비자의 제약················································· 108
Ⅰ 의의································································ 108
Ⅱ 예산선의 절편··············································· 109
Ⅲ 예산선의 기울기(재화의 상대가격) ·············· 110
Ⅳ 소득의 변화와 예산선··································· 110
Ⅴ 가격의 변화의 예산선···································· 111
Ⅵ 복합재(composite goods)와 예산선·········· 113
Ⅶ 예외적인 예산선············································ 115
05 소비자의 선택 ················································· 118
Ⅰ 의의································································· 118
Ⅱ 효용극대화의 조건 ······································· 119
Ⅲ 예외적인 선택··············································· 121
Ⅳ 선택 변화·························································· 123
06 소득변화와 소비자의 선택변화····················· 124
Ⅰ 소득소비곡선(Income Consumption Curve : ) ····· 124
Ⅱ 엥겔곡선(Engel curve) ·································· 124
Ⅲ 상품의 성격 : 소득소비 곡선과 엥겔곡선····· 124
07 가격변화와 소비자의 선택변화····················· 129
Ⅰ 가격소비곡선(price consumption curve : ) ······ 129
Ⅱ 보통수요곡선(ordinary demand curve) ····· 129
Ⅲ 상품의 성격과 가격소비곡선·························· 129
Ⅳ 가격효과와 보통수요곡선································ 131
Ⅴ 대체효과와 보상수요곡선······························· 137
Ⅵ 간접효용함수와 지출함수······························· 143
08 효용함수와 소득변화, 가격변화··················· 145
Ⅰ C-D 효용함수················································· 145
Ⅱ 준선형(quasi linear) 효용함수······················ 145
Ⅲ 완전보완 효용함수······················ 146
Ⅳ 선형(완전대체) 효용함수································ 146

Part 04 소비자 선택이론의 응용

01 부존소득과 소비자의 선택······························ 150
Ⅰ 모형설정··························································· 150
Ⅱ 가격변화와 소비자의 최적선택······················· 151
02 시점간 소비자 선택모형·································· 155
Ⅰ 의의··································································· 155
Ⅱ 모형설정··························································· 155
Ⅲ 소득변화와 소비자의 선택변화······················ 157
Ⅳ 이자율 상승과 소비자의 선택변화················· 158
03 소비자의 선택과 노동공급····························· 163
Ⅰ 의의··································································· 163
Ⅱ 가정··································································· 163
Ⅲ 예산선······························································· 163
Ⅳ 무차별곡선······················································· 166
Ⅴ 최초 선택·························································· 166
Ⅵ 선택변화와 노동공급······································· 167
Ⅶ 재분배정책과 노동공급···································· 171
04 재분배정책과 소비자의 선택························· 176
Ⅰ 의의··································································· 176
Ⅱ 현금보조(선분→재로 표시한 보조금의 크기) ·········· 176
Ⅲ 현물보조(선분→재로 표시한 보조금의 크기) ·········· 176
Ⅳ 가격보조(선분→재로 표시한 보조금의 크기) ··········· 177
Ⅴ 현금보조와 현물보조의 비교·························· 178
Ⅵ 현금보조와 가격보조의 비교·························· 179
05 조세와 소비자의 선택······································· 181
Ⅰ 의의··································································· 181
Ⅱ 소득세(선분→재로 표시한 조세수입의 크기) ··········· 181
Ⅲ 물품세(선분→재로 표시한 조세수입의 크기) ··········· 181
Ⅳ 소득세와 물품세 비교····································· 182
Ⅴ 휘발유세 인상과 자동차세 인하의 효과 ·············· 183
06 소비자의 선택과 현시선호이론····················· 186
Ⅰ 의의··································································· 186
Ⅱ 중요성······························································· 186
Ⅲ 현시선호이론의 기본가정······························· 186
Ⅳ 현시선호이론과 생활수준 변화의 평가·········· 191
07 소비자의 선택과 지수(index)문제·············· 193
Ⅰ 지수의 의의······················································ 193
Ⅱ 지수의 중요성·················································· 193
Ⅲ 지수의 유형······················································ 193
Ⅳ 지수와 소비자의 생활수준 개선여부············· 196
08 네트워크 효과(network effect) ················ 200
Ⅰ 의의·································································· 200
Ⅱ 편승효과(bandwagon effect) ······················ 200
Ⅲ 기피효과(snob effect) ··································· 200
09 불확실성과 소비자의 선택····························· 202
Ⅰ 의의·································································· 202
Ⅱ 불확실성과 선택기준······································ 203
Ⅲ 조건부 상품이론 : 보험시장·························· 204
Ⅳ 조건부 상품이론 : 도박시장··························· 215
Ⅴ 기대효용이론 : 보험시장································ 218
Ⅵ 기대효용이론 : 복권시장································ 229
Ⅶ 자산선택이론(portfolio selection theory) ·············· 231

Part 05 생산자 선택이론

01 생산자 선택이론의 중요성······························ 238
02 생산자 선택이론의 의의································· 238
03 생산자의 목표···················································· 239
Ⅰ 이윤 극대화····················································· 239
Ⅱ 이윤 극대화 가설에 대한 대체가설··············· 242
04 생산자의 제약··················································· 246
Ⅰ 의의·································································· 246
Ⅱ 수입제약·························································· 246
Ⅲ 비용제약·························································· 249
Ⅳ 단기생산함수와 단기비용함수······················· 255
Ⅴ 장기생산함수와 장기비용함수······················· 262
Ⅵ 범위의 경제······················································ 275
05 생산자의 선택···················································· 278
Ⅰ 중요성······························································· 278
Ⅱ 상품이 1개인 생산자의 이윤극대화··············· 278
Ⅲ 상품이 2개인 생산자의 이윤극대화·············· 279
06 생산자의 선택변화··········································· 283
Ⅰ 가격변화와 생산자의 선택변화····················· 283
Ⅱ 기술진보와 공급곡선······································ 284
Ⅲ 생산요소의 가격변화와 공급곡선·················· 287

Part 06 완전경쟁시장

01 완전경쟁시장의 중요성·································· 292
02 완전경쟁시장의 의의······································· 292
Ⅰ 완전경쟁시장(perfect competition market) ·········· 292
Ⅱ 완전경쟁시장의 특성(기업 입장) ··················· 293
03 단기균형······························································ 295
Ⅰ 단기 의의························································· 295
Ⅱ 개별 기업의 단기공급곡선····························· 295
Ⅲ 완전경쟁시장의 단기공급곡선······················· 298
Ⅳ 완전경쟁시장의 단기균형······························ 298
04 장기균형····························································· 299
Ⅰ 장기의의·························································· 299
Ⅱ 개별기업의 장기공급곡선······························ 299
Ⅲ 장기 조정 과정················································ 299
Ⅳ 완전경쟁시장의 장기 균형····························· 300
Ⅴ 완전경쟁시장의 장기 공급 곡선···················· 302
05 완전경쟁시장에 대한 평가····························· 304
Ⅰ 효율성······························································ 304
Ⅱ 공평성······························································ 304

Part 07 독점시장

01 독점시장의 중요성············································ 308
02 독점의 의의························································ 308
03 순수 독점······························································ 311
Ⅰ 의의··································································· 311
Ⅱ 단기균형···························································· 311
Ⅲ 장기균형··························································· 313
Ⅳ 다공장 독점기업·············································· 314
Ⅴ 순수 독점에 대한 평가···································· 316
04 차별독점······························································ 321
Ⅰ 의의··································································· 321
Ⅱ 가격차별의 조건·············································· 321
Ⅲ 제1급 가격차별················································· 321
Ⅳ 제2급 가격차별 : 수량할인···························· 322
Ⅴ 제3급 가격차별 : 시장분리···························· 324
Ⅵ 시점간 가격차별·············································· 328
05 이부가격설정······················································ 331
Ⅰ 의의··································································· 331
Ⅱ 이윤극대화 : 1명의 소비자····························· 331
Ⅲ 이윤극대화 : 2명의 소비자···························· 332
Ⅳ 이부가격설정에 대한 평가····························· 333
06 묶어 팔기···························································· 334
Ⅰ 의의·································································· 334
Ⅱ 유형·································································· 334
Ⅲ 동기·································································· 334
Ⅳ 묶어 팔기의 평가············································ 337
07 독점규제······························································ 338
Ⅰ 의의·································································· 338
Ⅱ 독점기업의 국유화 : 공기업·························· 339
Ⅲ 가격규제·························································· 339
Ⅳ 경쟁체제 도입················································· 343
Ⅴ 조세 부과························································· 344

Part 08 독점 경쟁 시장

01 독점경쟁시장의 중요성··································· 350
02 독점경쟁시장의 의의······································· 350
03 단기균형······························································ 352
04 장기균형····························································· 353
05 평가······································································ 354
Ⅰ 비효율적인 선출량·········································· 354
Ⅱ 유휴시설의 존재·············································· 354
Ⅲ 차별화된 상품················································· 354
Ⅳ 최적 차별화(optimal differentiation)이론 ··········· 354
Ⅴ 호텔링의 역설(Hotelling's paradox) ··········· 356
Ⅵ 비가격경쟁······················································· 357

Part 09 과점시장

01 과점시장의 중요성············································ 360
02 과점시장의 의의··············································· 360
03 과점시장의 특성 : 전략적 상황···················· 361
04 Cournot 모형·················································· 362
Ⅰ 의의·································································· 362
Ⅱ 가정·································································· 362
Ⅲ 기업의 이윤극대화와 반응곡선····················· 362
Ⅳ Cournot 균형·················································· 365
Ⅴ 평가·································································· 366
05 스타켈버그 균형··············································· 368
Ⅰ 의의·································································· 368
Ⅱ 가정·································································· 368
Ⅲ 기업의 이윤극대화와 반응곡선····················· 368
Ⅳ 스타켈버그 균형·············································· 369
Ⅴ 평가·································································· 370
Ⅵ 스타켈버그 불균형 : 두 기업 모두 선도자··· 370
06 베르뜨랑 모형···················································· 372
Ⅰ 의의·································································· 372
Ⅱ 순수과점과 베르뜨랑 모형····························· 372
Ⅲ 차별과점과 베르뜨랑 모형····························· 374
Ⅳ 가격경쟁모형과 동이윤곡선··························· 375
07 독자적 행동모형 : 가격선도모형··················· 378
Ⅰ 의의·································································· 378
Ⅱ 가정·································································· 378
Ⅲ 기업의 이윤극대화와 반응곡선······················ 378
Ⅳ 균형·································································· 379
Ⅴ 평가·································································· 380
08 굴절수요곡선 모형············································ 381
Ⅰ 의의··································································· 381
Ⅱ 가정··································································· 381
Ⅲ 굴절수요곡선과 기업의 이윤극대화·············· 381
Ⅳ 한계·································································· 382
09 불완전 담합모형················································· 383
Ⅰ 의의·································································· 383
Ⅱ 가정·································································· 383
Ⅲ 기업의 이윤극대화·········································· 383
Ⅳ 균형·································································· 384
10 완전담합 모형 : 카르텔 모형························· 385
Ⅰ 카르텔의 의의················································· 385
Ⅱ 카르텔의 이윤극대화······································ 385
Ⅲ 평가 : 안정성··················································· 387
11 광고의 이론·························································· 393
Ⅰ 광고(advertisement)의 의의························ 393
Ⅱ 광고의 긍정적 효과········································ 393
Ⅲ 광고의 부정적 효과········································ 393
12 비용할증 가격설정············································ 394
Ⅰ 의의·································································· 394
Ⅱ 비용할증과 이윤극대화·································· 394

Part 10 게임이론

01 게임이론의 중요성············································ 398
02 게임이론의 의의··············································· 398
03 게임의 유형························································ 399
Ⅰ 협조게임과 비협조게임·································· 399
Ⅱ 전략형(정규형)게임과 전개형 게임··············· 399
Ⅲ 동시게임과 순차게임······································ 400
Ⅳ 완전정보 게임과 불완전정보 게임················ 400
04 동시게임과 Nash균형···································· 401
Ⅰ 가정··································································· 401
Ⅱ 전략 : Nash전략············································· 401
Ⅲ 균형 : Nash균형············································· 402
Ⅳ 평가·································································· 402
05 동시게임과 우월 전략 균형··························· 406
Ⅰ 가정·································································· 406
Ⅱ 전략 : 우월전략··············································· 406
Ⅲ 균형 : 우월전략 균형······································ 407
Ⅳ 평가·································································· 407
Ⅴ 용의자 딜레마················································· 407
06 동시게임과 혼합전략 균형 : 동전 맞추기 게임 ·· 410
Ⅰ 가정 : 동전 맞추기 게임(matching pennies) 410
Ⅱ 전략 : 혼합전략··············································· 410
Ⅲ 균형 : 혼합전략균형········································ 412
Ⅳ 평가··································································· 413
07 정합게임과 안장점(saddle point) ············· 414
Ⅰ 가정··································································· 414
Ⅱ 전략 : 최소극대화전략···································· 414
Ⅲ 균형 : 안장점··················································· 415
Ⅳ 평가··································································· 415
08 순차 게임(완전정보게임)과 완전 균형······· 416
Ⅰ 가정··································································· 416
Ⅱ 전략··································································· 417
Ⅲ 균형··································································· 417
Ⅳ 위협의 신빙성과 공약···································· 420
09 불완전 정보(imperfect information)게임 ······· 422
Ⅰ 불완전정보게임··············································· 422
Ⅱ 용의자 딜레마················································· 423
Ⅲ 진입게임··························································· 424
Ⅳ 동일한 전략형 게임을 갖는 서로 다른 전개형 게임 · 425
10 반복게임(repeated game) ·························· 431
Ⅰ 의의··································································· 431
Ⅱ 유형··································································· 431
Ⅲ 유한반복게임···················································· 431
Ⅳ 무한반복게임··················································· 432
11 경매이론(auction theory) ···························· 438
Ⅰ 의의·································································· 438
Ⅱ 경매방식·························································· 438
Ⅲ 비교·································································· 439

Part 11 공공재

01 공공재의 의의···················································· 444
02 공공재의 특성··················································· 445
Ⅰ 비배제성(non-excludability) ······················· 445
Ⅱ 비경합성(non-rivalry) ··································· 445
Ⅲ 재화의 종류(경합성과 배제성 기준) ············· 446
03 최적 배분···························································· 447
Ⅰ 사용재의 최적배분·········································· 447
Ⅱ 공공재의 최적배분·········································· 449
04 시장실패····························································· 453
Ⅰ Samuelson 명제············································ 453
Ⅱ 무임승차자 문제·············································· 453
05 시장 대응 : 비순수공공재······························ 456
Ⅰ 의의·································································· 456
Ⅱ 비순수공공재와 시장대응······························ 456
06 정부대응······························································ 457
Ⅰ 린달의 조세체계(Lindahl's tax scheme) ···· 457
Ⅱ 수요표출 조세체계(demand revelation tax scheme) 458

Part 12 외부성

01 의의······································································· 462
02 유형······································································ 464
Ⅰ 생산의 외부 불경제········································ 464
Ⅱ 생산의 외부경제·············································· 465
Ⅲ 소비의 외부경제·············································· 465
Ⅳ 소비의 외부불경제·········································· 466
Ⅴ 정리·································································· 467
03 최적배분······························································ 468
Ⅰ 의의·································································· 468
Ⅱ 최적의 생산량················································· 468
Ⅲ 최적의 오염물질 방출 수준··························· 469
Ⅳ 일반균형분석··················································· 470
Ⅴ 개별기업··························································· 470
Ⅵ 환경정책의 시사점··········································· 471
04 시장실패······························································ 472
Ⅰ 완전경쟁시장··················································· 472
Ⅱ 시장의 오염물질 방출수준····························· 472
Ⅲ 일반균형분석··················································· 473
Ⅳ 개별기업··························································· 474
Ⅴ 공유재의 비극(tragedy of the commons) ················ 475
05 시장의 외부성 해결·········································· 479
Ⅰ 합병·································································· 479
Ⅱ 코즈 정리(Coase theorem) ·························· 479
06 정부의 외부성 해결········································· 484
Ⅰ 직접규제·························································· 484
Ⅱ 공해세(피구세) ················································ 485
Ⅲ 오염허가서(pollution permits) ····················· 489
Ⅳ 우리나라의 환경관련 부담금························· 492

Part 13 정보 경제학

01 의의······································································· 496
02 역선택·································································· 499
Ⅰ 의의·································································· 499
Ⅱ 보험시장과 역선택·········································· 499
Ⅲ 중고차시장과 역선택······································ 505
Ⅳ 금융시장과 역선택·········································· 508
Ⅴ 노동시장과 역선택·········································· 510
Ⅵ 역선택에 대한 대응방안································· 514
03 도덕적 해이························································· 516
Ⅰ 의의··································································· 516
Ⅱ 화재보험시장과 도덕적 해이·························· 516
Ⅲ 의료보험시장과 도덕적 해이·························· 521
Ⅳ 금융시장과 도덕적 해이································· 523
Ⅴ 노동시장과 도덕적 해이································· 524
Ⅵ 도덕적 해이에 대한 대응방안························ 531
04 정보재의 이론··················································· 533
Ⅰ 정보재(information goods)의 의의 ···················· 533
Ⅱ 정보재의 특성················································· 533
Ⅲ 정보재의 가격 결정········································ 533
Ⅳ 정보재 시장····················································· 534

Part 14 생산 요소 시장

01 생산요소시장의 중요성···································· 538
02 생산요소시장의 의의······································· 538
03 가계의 노동공급 선택····································· 540
Ⅰ 의의·································································· 540
Ⅱ 임금과 노동평면············································· 540
Ⅲ 여가와 소득평면·············································· 541
04 기업의 노동수요 선택····································· 544
Ⅰ 직관과 그림····················································· 544
Ⅱ 수식·································································· 548
05 완전경쟁과 생산요소시장······························ 550
Ⅰ 의의·································································· 550
Ⅱ 요소수요곡선 : 기업의 이윤극대화··············· 550
Ⅲ 요소시장의 균형·············································· 555
Ⅳ 평가·································································· 557
Ⅴ 지대·································································· 558
06 불완전경쟁시장과 생산요소시장·················· 562
Ⅰ 상품시장의 독점과 요소시장의 완전경쟁····· 562
Ⅱ 상품시장의 경쟁과 요소시장의 수요독점····· 564
Ⅲ 상품사장의 독점과 요소시장의 수요독점····· 566
Ⅳ 상품시장의 독점과 요소시장의 공급독점····· 568
Ⅴ 쌍방독점························································· 570
Ⅵ 최저임금제도···················································· 571
07 재분배정책·························································· 575
Ⅰ 의의·································································· 575
Ⅱ 기능별 소득분배이론 : 한계생산성 이론······ 575
Ⅲ 불평등도 지수·················································· 578
08 자본시장과 투자··············································· 583
Ⅰ 의의·································································· 583
Ⅱ 투자이론·························································· 583

Part 15 시장과 정부

01 시장과 정부의 중요성······································ 592
02 시장의 힘 : 완전경쟁시장의 효율성··········· 593
Ⅰ 부분균형분석··················································· 593
Ⅱ 순수교환경제··················································· 593
Ⅲ 생산경제·························································· 603
Ⅳ 후생경제학 제1정리········································· 610
Ⅴ 불확실성과 일반균형······································· 611
03 시장실패······························································· 617
Ⅰ 의의··································································· 617
Ⅱ 효율성······························································· 617
Ⅲ 공평성······························································· 618
04 정부의 힘····························································· 620
Ⅰ 효율성······························································ 620
Ⅱ 공평성······························································ 620
05 정부실패(government failure) ················ 629
Ⅰ 의의·································································· 629
Ⅱ 효율성······························································ 629
Ⅲ 공평성 : 불가능성 정리(impossibility theorem) ····632
Ⅳ 안정 : 루카스 비판(Lucas critique) ············· 632