Table of Contents

Acknowledgements

List of Abbreviations

List of Definitions

1. Chapter: Introduction

1.1. Introduction

1.2. Existing Scholarly Debate

1.3. Current Situation

1.4. Research Importance and Identified Gap

1.5. Research Question

1.6. Theoretical and Methodological Framework

1.6.1. Primary Data A ? Elite Speeches

1.6.2. The Selected Shia Iraqi Elite Actors

1.6.3. The Core Themes

1.6.4. Primary Data B ? Semi-Structured Interviews

1.6.5. Secondary Data ? Academic Literature

1.6.6. Data Analysis: Critical Discourse Analysis

1.7. Structure of the Book

2. Chapter: Consociationalism and State Building in the Aftermath of Regime Change in Iraq

2.1. Introduction

2.2. Consociationalism ? Proportional Representation or Enforced Homogenisation?

2.2.1. An Evolving Debate

2.2.2. Theoretical Definitions

2.2.3. Limitations and Potentials

2.2.4. From Consociational Theory to Practice

2.2.5. Centripetalism

2.2.6. Consociation and Identity

2.2.7. Ethnic Outbidding: Identity Over Issue

2.2.8. Consociationalism and Intra-Group Rivalries

2.3. Consociationalism in Iraq ? Between Democratisation and Power-Sharing

2.3.1. Foundational Systemic Loopholes

2.3.2. The (Early) Noticed Potentials

2.3.3. The Current Status-Quo of Iraq’s Consociationalism

2.4. Imagining Iraq’s ‘Muhasasa’ Consociational Democracy

2.4.1. Liberation or Occupation? The Militarised Democratisation

2.4.2. Democratisation or Sectarianisation?

2.4.3. International Regime-Change vs. Religious Democratisation: The Rise of Sistani

2.4.4. Imposed Consociation

2.5. Research Gap and Contribution

3. Chapter: Imagining Iraq’s ‘Muhasasa’ Consociational Democracy

3.1. Introduction

3.2. The Intra-Shia Rivalry in Post-2003 Iraq

3.2.1. Authority and Governance in Shia Political Thought: Origins, Evolution, and Khomeinism

3.2.2. Najaf’s New and Old Elites: Early Majoritarian Breakup

3.2.3. The Iran Factor

3.2.4. The (Un)divided Popular Mobilisation Forces: From Battlefields to Ballot Boxes

3.2.5. Investigating the Intra-Shia Rivalry through Tishreen’s Protest Movement

3.3. Modern Exploitation of Religious Identities

3.3.1. Re-Constructing Post-2003 Iraq’s Sectarian Mobilisation

3.3.2. Secularisation and Modernisation Thesis

3.3.3. Modernity, A Factor of Religious Evolution

3.3.4. Religious Worldviews

3.4. Muhasasa’s Theoretical Rationale and Practical Implementation

3.4.1. The Assumed Demographics

3.4.2. Recognising Muhasasa’s Implementation and Exploiting its Unpopularity

3.4.3. Sectarianism and Intra-Sectarianism Facilitated by Muhasasa

3.5. Ingroup Legitimacy Rivalry

3.5.1. Sadr’s Political-Religious Discourse

3.6. The New Shia Majority-Rule

3.6.1. The Imagined Homogenous Community

3.6.2. Iraq’s Muhasasa and the Regional Sectarianisation

3.7. Conclusion

4. Chapter: The Dynamic Transformation of the Shia Political Camp

4.1. Introduction

4.2. The Early Majoritarian Schism

4.2.1. The Early Najaf?Qom Theological Divide in Post-2003 Iraq

4.2.2. The Incorporation of Iran’s Proxies into Iraq’s Political System

4.3. The Exploitation and Limitations of Shia Victimhood

4.4. Political Repositioning: Ideology versus Interests

4.4.1. Sadr: Nationalist or Pragmatist?

4.4.2. Maliki: State of Law versus Deep State

4.4.3. Amiri and Khazali: The Dilemma of Paramilitarism and Politics

4.5. Iran: The Ally, the Enemy, or the Neighbour?

4.5.1. Najaf?Qom Shia Theological Quietist Rivalry

4.5.2. Da‘wa: From Islamist Ideology to Communalism

4.5.3. Badr and Supreme Council: Balancing Iran’s Changing Influence

4.5.4. The Multilateral Intra-Shia Rivalry: The Sadrist Factor

4.6. Popular Mobilisation Forces and Re-Emerging Shia Militancy

4.7. Competition over Resources and Power

4.8. Conclusion

5. Chapter: Tishreen’s Shia Popular Rebellion against Shia Rule

5.1. Introduction

5.2. The Shiasation of Tishreen

5.3. The Shadow of the Intra-Shia Political Rivalry over Tishreen

5.3.1. Shia Constituents versus Shia Representatives

5.3.2. The Sadrist Shadow over Tishreen

5.4. Reshaping Iraq’s Intra-Shia Political Rivalry through Declining Iranian Influence

5.4.1. Tishreen’s Anti-Iran Sentiment: Why and How?

5.4.2. Post-Tishreen Iraq’s Reconciliation with the Arab World

5.5. Silent or Accomplice Marja‘iyah?

5.6. Tishreen versus Muhasasa: De-Legitimising the Consociational Rationale

5.7. Political Change versus Political Deadlock

5.7.1. Infiltrating Tishreen

5.8. Conclusion

6. Chapter: Conclusion Chapter

6.1. Introduction

6.2. Finding

6.3. Contribution

6.4. Recommendations

6.4.1. Recommendations from Empirical Evidence

6.4.2. Recommendations for Future Research

6.5. Conclusion

6.5.1. Consociational Reflections on the Intra-Shia Rivalry

6.5.2. Reconstruction of Political Identity in Iraq’s Intra-Shia Rivalry

6.5.3. Concluding Statement

7. Bibliography

7.1. Primary Data A (Speeches)

7.2. Primary Data B (Interviews)

7.3. Secondary Data

8. Appendix

8.1. List of Interviewees

8.2. List of Speeches

Index