Preface to the second edition
1. Studying meaning
Overview
1.1 Sentences and utterances
1.2 Types of meaning
1.2.1 Denotation, sense, reference and deixis
1.3 Semantics vs. pragmatics
1.3.1 A first outline of semantics
1.3.2 A first outline of pragmatics
Summary
Exercises
Recommendations for reading
Notes
2. Sense relations
Overview
2.1 Propositions and entailment
2.1.1 Meaning postulates
2.2 Compositionality
2.3 Synonymy
2.4 Complementarity, antonymy, converseness and incompatibility
2.5 Hyponymy
2.5.1 Hierarchies of hyponyms
Summary
Exercises
Recommendations for reading
Notes
3. Nouns
Overview
3.1 The has-relation
3.1.1 Pragmatic inferences from the has-relation
3.1.2 Hyponymy and the has-relation
3.1.3 Parts can have parts
3.1.4 Spatial parts
3.1.5 Ends and beginnings
3.1.6 Body parts
3.2 Count nouns and mass nouns
Summary
Exercises
Recommendations for reading
4. Adjectives
Overview
4.1 Gradability
4.2 Composing adjectives with nouns
4.3 Adjective meanings in context
Summary
Exercises
Recommendations for reading
5. Verbs
Overview
5.1 Verb types and arguments
5.2 Causative verbs
5.2.1 More general causatives
5.3 Thematic relations
Summary
Exercises
Recommendations for reading
Notes
6. Tense and aspect
Overview
6.1 Tense
6.1.1 Preliminaries
6.1.2 Present, Past and Future
6.1.3 Tense and adverbials
6.2 Aspect
6.2.1 Habituality and simple aspect
6.2.2 Progressive aspect
6.2.3 Perfect aspect
6.2.4 Perfect aspect or tense?
Summary
Exercises
Recommendations for reading
Notes
7. Modality, scope and quantification
Overview
7.1 Modality
7.1.1 Modal verbs and tense
7.1.2 Deontic and epistemic modality
7.1.3 Core modal meanings
7.2 Semantic scope
7.3 Quantification
7.3.1 Some basics about sets
7.3.2 Simple quantifiers in terms of sets
7.3.3 Proportional quantifiers
7.3.4 Distributivity and collectivity
7.3.5 Quantifier scope
Summary
Exercises
Recommendations for reading
Notes
8. Pragmatics
Overview
8.1 Implicature
8.2 The Gricean maxims
8.2.1 Quantity implicatures
8.2.2 Scalar implicatures
8.2.3 Relevance implicatures
8.2.4 Manner implicatures
8.3 Relevance Theory
8.4 Presuppositions
Summary
Exercises
Recommendations for reading
Notes
9. Figurative language
Overview
9.1 Literal and figurative usage
9.2 Irony
9.3 Metaphor, metonymy and simile
Summary
Exercises
Recommendations for reading
Notes
10. Utterances in context
Overview
10.1 Definiteness
10.2 Given and new material
10.2.1 Pseudo-clefts
10.2.2 It-clefts
10.2.3 Passives
10.2.4 Lexical and syntactic converses
10.2.5 Focal stress
10.3 The Question Under Discussion
Summary
Exercises
Recommendations for reading
Notes
11. Doing things with words
Overview
11.1 Speech acts
11.2 Sentence types, and other indications
11.2.1 Syntactic cues and indirect speech acts
11.2.2 Lexical cues
11.2.3 Discourse cues
11.2.4 Integrating the information
Summary
Exercises
Recommendations for reading
Suggested answers to the exercises
Bibliography
Index