List of Illustrations and Maps 1
Photo Credits 2
Acknowledgments 3
A Note on Spelling 5
Introduction 7
Part I At the Crossroads of History
1. The Last Days of Old Europe 23
2. The Legacy of The Great Game in Asia 26
3. The Middle East Before The War 33
4. The Young Turks Urgently Seek an Ally 45
5. Winston Churchill on The Eve of War 51
6. Churchill Seizes Turkey's Warships 54
7. An Intrigue at the Sublime Porte 62
Part II Kitchener of Khartoum Looks Ahead
8. Kitchener Takes Command 79
9. Kitchener's Lieutenants 88
10. Kitchener Sets out to Capture Islam 96
11. India Protests 106
12. The Man in The Middle 111
Part III Britain Is Drawn into the Middle Eastern Quagmire
13. The Turkish Commanders Almost Lose The War 119
14. Kitchener Allows Britain to Attack Turkey 124
15. On to Victory at the Dardanelles 130
16. Russia's Grab for Turkey 137
17. Defining Britain's Goals in the Middle East 146
18. At the Narrows of Fortune 150
19. The Warriors 155
20. The Politicians 159
21. The Light That Failed 163
22. Creating the Arab Bureau 168
23. Making Promises to the Arabs 173
24. Making Promises to the European Allies 188
25. Turkey's Triumph at the Tigris 200
Part IV Subversion
26. Behind Enemy Lines 207
27. Kitchener's Last Mission 216
28. Hussein's Revolt 218
Part V The Allies at the Nadir of Their Fortunes
29. The Fall of the Allied Governments: Britain and France 231
30. The Overthrow of the Czar 239
Part VI New Worlds and Promised Lands
31. The New World 253
32. Lloyd George's Zionism 263
33. Toward The Balfour Declaration 276
34. The Promised Land 284
Part VII Invading the Middle East
35. Jerusalem for Christmas 305
36. The Road To Damascus 315
37. The Battle for Syria 332
Part VIII The Spoils of Victory
38. The Parting of the Ways 351
39. By The Shores of Troy 363
Part IX The Tide Goes Out
40. The Ticking Clock 383
41. Betrayal 389
42. The Unreal World of the Peace Conferences 403
Part X Storm over Asia
43. The Troubles Begin: 1919-1921 415
44. Egypt: The Winter of 1918-1919 417
45. Afghanistan: The Spring of 1919 421
46. Arabia: The Spring of 1919 424
47. Turkey: January 1920 427
48. Syria and Lebanon: The Spring and Summer of 1920 435
49. Eastern Palestine (Transjordan): 1920 441
50. Palestine-Arabs and Jews: 1920 445
51. Mesopotamia (IRAQ): 1920 449
52. Persia (Iran): 1920 455
Part XI Russia Returns to the Middle East
53. Unmasking Britain's Enemies 465
54. The Soviet Challenge in the Middle East 471
55. Moscow's Goals 475
56. A Death in Bukhara 480
Part XII The Middle Eastern Settlement of 1922
57. Winston Churchill Takes Charge 493
58. Churchill and the Question of Palestine 515
59. The Alliances Come Apart 530
60. A Greek Tragedy 540
6. The Settlement of the Middle Eastern Question 558
Afterword to the 2009 Edition 569
Notes 577
Bibliography 615
Index 629