Abbreviations
Introduction
Woodfuel Gaps and the Death of the Forests
Where do Woodfuels Come From?
Giving Scarcity a Human Face
Part I: Rural Areas
1. Trees for Rural People
Popular Knowledge and Empowerment
Farmer-led Initiatives
Supporting Local Initiatives
The Economics of Rural Trees
New Thinking on Tree Economics
2. Forestry for Land Management
Definitions and Types of Agroforestry
Options for Agricultural Areas
Options for Livestock-keeping Areas
A Note of Caution
3. Constrains on Change
Household Economics, Labour and Conflicting Needs
Tenure and Rights
Gender Roles
4. Meeting the Constraints
Governments and the Legacy of History
Crossing Institutional Bridges
Institutional Partnerships
Building on Local Organizations
New Government Structures
The Extension Challenge
Towards Project Design
5. Rural Cases
1. Farmer-led Initiatives in Shinyanga, Tanzania
2. Paddocks in Mwenezi, Zimbabwe
3. Building on Indigenous Practices in Turkana, Kenya
4. The Koumpentoum Entente, Senegal
5. Learning together: Forestry Developments in Konso, Ethiopia
6. Research in the Mazvihwa, Zimbabwe
7. Chitemene Shifting Cultivation, Zambia
8. Alley Farming and Dairy Development in Kenya
9. The Kenya Woodfuel Development Programme
10. Water Harvesting in Yatenga, Burkina Faso
11. Community Forestry in Northern Sudan
12. The Majia Valley Windbreaks, Niger
13. The HAD0 Project in Kondoa, Tanzania
14. Woodlots or Fuelsticks in Kenya?
15. Agroforestry in Koro village, Mali
16. Agroforestry Diagnosis and Design in Kathama, Kenya
17. The Village Afforestation Programme in Tanzania
18. Agroforestry Outreach in Haiti
19. Co-operative Forest Management in Guesselbodi, Niger
20. Refugee Forestry in Somalia: the 'Step' Plan
21. Putting Trees into Non-tree Projects in Kenya
22. The Naam Movement in Burkina Faso
23. Project Campfire, Zimbabwe
24. Rapid Rural Appraisal in Welo, Ethiopia
Part II: Urban Centres
6. Paying the Price
Urban Issues and Contexts
Goals for Urban Energy Initiatives
Soaring Prices?
Woodfuel Markets
Towards more Efficient Markets
7. Trees for the Cities
Taxing and Guarding the Forests
Managing the Forests
Community Control of the Forests
Peri-urban Plantations
8. Fuel Switching and Saving
Is the Energy Transition Happening?
Fuel Switching and Urban Size
Fuel Switching and Income
Fuel Prices
Fuel Switching versus Fuel Saving
Encouraging Fuel Saving
Encouraging Fuel Switching
Foreign Exchange Constraints?
9. Urban Cases
1. The Firewood Trade in Gaborone, Botswana
2. The Charcoal Trade in Tanzania
3. The Charcoal Business in the Sudan
4. Household Fuel Use and Switching in Dar es Salaam
5. Forest Taxes in Malawi
6. Successful Forest Controls in Rwanda
References and Notes