CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN COGNITION

Introduction and Overview

Information Processing Model of Human Cognition

Consciousness or Working Memory

Long-term Memory

• Declarative Memory



• Procedural Memory

Summary of Key Ideas

CHAPTER 2: ATTENTION AND PREPARING TO LEARN

Attention

• Our attention is limited

Attention and Learning

• People focus their attention on things that are novel, emotional, or physically distinct



• People focus their attention on relevant stimuli

Using Knowledge of Attention: Student perspective

Using Knowledge of Attention: Teacher perspective

• Ensuring students pay attention to information helps them learn



• Ensuring students avoid attending to distracting information

Summary of Key Ideas

CHAPTER 3: IMPROVING MEMORY

Distributed Practice

• Distributed practice is more beneficial when there is a time gap between study episodes



• The distributed practice effect is more pronounced when there is a time gap between the last study episode and the final test

Using Distributed Practice: Student perspective

Using Distributed Practice: Teacher perspective

Retrieval practice

• Retrieving information from memory is beneficial for learning



• When using retrieval practice, attempting to recall is more beneficial than attempting to recognize



• How much time should pass between initial study and retrieval practice?

Using Retrieval Practice: Student perspective

Using Retrieval Practice: Teacher perspective

Summary of Key Ideas

CHAPTER 4: IMPROVING COMPREHENSION

Comprehension

Generating Questions

• Generating high quality questions is beneficial for comprehension

Elaborating and Explaining Text

• Generating explanations is beneficial for learning



• When encoding information, making information meaningful facilitates memory

Graphic Organizers

• Completing a graphic organizer is beneficial for learning

Improving Comprehension: Student perspective

Improving Comprehension: Teacher perspective

Summary of Key Ideas

Conclusions

GLOSSARY

REFERENCES