Preliminaries?10
1.1. Grammar & Syntax 10
1.2. Syntax as Science - The Scientific Method 12
1.3. Function: Subject and Predicate 13
1.4. Form 13
1.5. Function-Form Relationships 14
1.6. The structure of English 17
1.7. Transformational Generative Grammar 20
1.8. Deep and Surface Structure 21
1.9. More on tree diagrams 22
1.10. C-command 24

2
Predicates, Arguments and Thematic Roles?26
2.1. Predicates and arguments 26
2.2. Thematic roles 29
2.3. Grammatical functions and thematic roles 32
2.4. Thematic relations - Andrew Radford 33
2.5. Subcategorisation 35
2.6. Selectional restrictions 38


3
X-Bar Syntax: Cross-Categorial Generalisations?39
3.1. Heads, Complements and Specifiers 39
3.2. Adjuncts 47
3.3. Cross-categorial generalisations 55
3.4. Complements vs. Adjuncts: Extraposition (Postposing) 54
3.5. Complements vs. Adjuncts: Preposing 56
3.6. The differences between Complements and Adjuncts 56

4
Clauses & Movement?59
4.1. The I-node 59
4.2. Affix Movement vs. V Movement 64
4.3. I MOVEMENT 70
4.4. Wh-Movement 74
4.5. NP-Movement: passive 76
4.6. NP-Movement: Subject-to-Subject Raising 82

5
Constituency?86
5.1. The Movement Test 86
5.2. Substitution (Replacement) 94
5.3. The Coordination Test 103
5.4. The Cleft and Pseudocleft Test 105
5.5. The Insertion Test 107
5.6. Sentence Fragment Test (The Constituent Response Test/Stand-alone Test) 108

6
Verb Complements?111
6.1. Believe Type: believe + NP + to-infinitive 111
6.2. Persuade Type: persuade + NP + to-infinitive 115
6.3. Want Type: want + NP + to-infinitive 116
6.4. Summary 118

Chapter 2 Grammar


1
The Semantics of the verb phrase?122
1.1. Stative and dynamic senses of verbs 122
1.2. Simple past tense for past time 123
1.3. The present perfect 123

2
Modal Auxiliaries?125
2.1. The epistemic vs deontic contrast 125
2.2. Dynamic interpretations 126

3
Determiners?128
3.1. Order of Determiners in Noun Phrases 128
3.2. Genitive meanings 129
3.3. The grammatical status of the genitive 130

4
Negation?132
4.1. Negative/Positive Polarity Items 132
4.2. Syntactic features of clause negation 133
4.3. Tag Questions (Reversed polarity tag questions) 133
4.4. The types of negation 134
4.5. Changes in the Relative Scope of Negation 135
4.6. Negative Constituents and C-command: Syntactic Restrictions 135

5
Nonreferential There?137
5.1. Thematic roles and dummy elements 137
5.2. Nonreferential There 137

6
Passive Sentences?140
6.1. Semantic Constraints on Using The Passive 140
6.2. PASSIVE LOOK-ALIKES: Pseudo-Passive/Stative Passive 141
6.3. Get Passive Look-Alikes 142

7
Relative Clauses?145
7.1. Restrictive Versus Nonrestrictive Relative Clauses 145
7.2 Form Criteria Distinguishing Nonrestrictive and 146
Restrictive Relative Clauses 146

8
Coordination?148
8.1. Combinatory and segregatory coordination of noun phrases 148
8.2. Indicators of segregatory meaning 149
8.3. Coordination within noun phrases 150

9
Verb Complementation?152
9.1. Clause Types 152
9.2. Indirect object and to-infinitive clause object 152
9.3. Infinitival complementation: monotransitive, ditransitive, complex-transitive 153

[오승태 영어학]

Chapter 1 Phonetics and Phonology


1
Phonetics (1)：Consonants?164
1.1. Voiced and Voiceless Sounds 165
1.2. Place of Articulation 165
1.3. Manner of Articulation 168
1.4. Phonetic Classes of Consonants 170


2
Phonetics (2)：Vowels?177
2.1. Tongue Height, Tongue Position, and Lip Roundness 178
2.2. Tense and Lax Vowels 178
2.3. Schwa 179
2.4. Monophthongs and Diphthongs 180
2.5. Oral Vowels and Nasalized Vowels 180



3
Phonemes and their Allophones?183
3.1. Phonemes: The Phonological Units of Language 184
3.2. Phonemes and How to Find Them 185


4
Distinctive and Nondistinctive Features?194
4.1. Phonemic Classes of English Phonemes 196
4.2. Distinctive Features of English Consonants 197
4.3. Distinctive Features of English Vowels 200
4.4 Nondistinctive Features 201
4.5. Natural Classes of Speech Sounds 201


5
Phonological Rules?206
5.1. The Function of Phonological Rules (An Introduction to Language pp. 250-251) 207
5.2. Allophonic Rules (1)：Assimilation 208
5.3. Allophonic Rules (2)：Dissimilation 214
5.4. Allophonic Rules (3)：Segment Deletion 215
5.5. Allophonic Rules (4)：Segment Insertion 220
5.6. Morphophonemic Rules 221
5.7. Neutralization 225
5.8. Consonant Cluster Simplification (AEP：pp.168-169) 229
5.9. Vowel Deletion and Normally Impermissible Clusters 230
5.10. Metathesis 230

Chapter 2 Morphology


1
Words and Morphemes?238
1.1. Words 238
1.2. Morphemes 242
1.3. Affixes 243
1.4. Roots and Stems 247


2
Word Formation Rules and Word Structure?252
2.1. Derivational Morphology 252
2.2. Inflectional Morphology 257
2.3. Morphological Structure：Hierarchical Structure of Words 257
2.4. Rule Productivity 260
2.5. Exceptions to Word Formation Rules 262
2.6. Structurally Ambiguous Words 262



Chapter 3 Semantics


1
Sentential Semantics (1)： Truth-Conditional Semantics?268
1.1. Introduction to Truth-Conditional Semantics 268
1.2. Factive Predicates 273
1.3. Implicative Predicates 275

2
Sentential Semantics (2)： Compositional Semantics?284
2.1. Syntactic Rules and Semantic Rules 284
2.2. Semantic Rules 285

Chapter 4 Pragmatics


1
Semantics and Pragmatics?294
1.1. Deixis 295
1.2. Presupposition in Pragmatics 297

2
Maxims of Conversation?301
2.1. Grice’s Maxims 301
2.2. Implicature 302


Chapter 5 Sociolinguistics


1
Language in Use (1)?312
1.1. Introduction to Socioliguistics 312
1.2. Styles or Registers 314
1.3. Slang 315
1.4. Jargon and Argot 315