Acknowledgments.

A Note on Dates.

1. Introduction.

Importance Of Writing.

Definition Of Writing.

Aspects Of Writing.

Further Reading.

Terms.

Exercises.

2. Theoretical Preliminaries.

Graphemes And Allographs.

Arrangement Of Symbols.

Relationship To Language.

Diglossia.

Further Reading.

Terms.

Exercises.

3. Chinese.

Background, History, And Sociolinguistics.

Phonology Of Modern Standard Chinese.

Relationship Of Language And Writing In Chinese.

Origin And Structure Of Chinese Characters.

Internal Structure Of Chinese Characters.

How Many Characters Does Chinese Have?.

Recent Reforms.

Further Reading.

Terms.

Exercises.

4. Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese.

Japanese.

Korean.

Vietnamese.

Further Reading.

Terms.

Exercises.

5. Cuneiform.

Background And History.

Tokens And The Invention Of Writing.

Materials Of Writing.

Social Context Of Cuneiform Writing.

An Early Sumerian Tablet From Uruk.

Internal Structure Of Cuneiform.

Example Text.

Other Cuneiform Writing.

Further Reading.

Terms.

Exercises.

6. Egyptian.

Language Family.

Background And History.

Phonology Of Old Egyptian.

Origin Of Egyptian Writing.

Styles Of Writing.

Social Context Of Writing.

Internal Structure Of Egyptian Writing.

Example Text.

Decipherment.

Further Reading.

Terms.

Exercises.

7. Semitic.

Semitic Language Family.

Origin Of The Semitic Abjad.

Development Of The Semitic Abjad.

Hebrew.

Arabic.

The Ethiopic Abugida.

The Distinctiveness Of Abjads.

Further Reading.

Terms.

Exercises.

8. The Greek Alphabet.

Background And History.

Greek Scripts Before The Alphabet.

Development Of The Greek Alphabet.

Abjad To Alphabet.

The Relationship Of Language And Writing In Greek.

Scripts Derived From The Greek Alphabet.

Further Reading.

Terms.

Exercises.

9. The Roman Alphabet.

From Greece To Italy.

Etruscan.

Latin.

The Roman Alphabet.

Examples Of Roman Writing.

Later History Of The Roman Alphabet.

Orthographic Depth: Two Examples.

Further Reading.

Terms.

Exercises.

10. English.

Background And History.

Old English.

Middle English.

Modern English.

Spelling And Sound Changes.

Spelling Reform.

Further Reading.

Terms.

Exercises.

11. The Indian Abugida And Other Asian Phonographic Writing.

Background And History.

Indus Valley Writing.

Bra?Hmi@ And Kharos.T.Hi.

Devana?Gari@ As Applied To Sanskrit.

Southeast Asian Writing.

The Tibetan Abugida.

The ’Phags-Pa Script.

The Mongolian And Manchu Alphabets.

Further Reading.

Terms.

Exercises.

12. Maya.

History And Background.

Structure Of The Maya Writing System.

The Maya Calendar.

Example Text.

Further Reading.

Terms.

Exercises.

13. Other Writing Systems.

Cherokee.

Cree.

Inuktitut.

Runic.

Ogham.

Pahawh Hmong.

Bliss.

Further Reading.

Terms.

Exercises.

14. Classification Of Writing Systems.

Phonetic, Semantic, And Glottographic Writing.

Glottographic Writing.

Gelb’s Unilinear Theory Of Development.

Syllabic Vs. Moraic.

Korean Hankul As A Featural System.

Conclusion.

Further Reading.

Terms.

Appendix A: Some Basic Linguistic Notions.

Appendix B: The International Phonetic Alphabet.

Appendix C. English Transcription.

Appendix D: Glossary.

Bibliography.

Index.