PART 01 수질 환경
CHAPTER 01 수질오염 개론 ········································································ 13

01 기초단위환산 ·······························································13
1. 기초단위 / 13
2. 기초물리량 / 14
3. 기초단위개념 / 16
4. 농도 / 17
5. 산과 염기의 중화반응 / 18
▶ 적중문제 ····································································· 19

02 수자원 및 물의 특성 ······················································23
1. 물의 특성 / 23
2. 수자원 분포 및 특성 / 24
3. 수자원 종류 및 특징 / 25
▶ 적중문제 ······································································ 34

03 수질오염 ·······································································51
1. 오염원의 종류 / 51
2. 수질오염물질 / 53
▶ 적중문제 ······································································· 61

04 물질순환 ········································································66
1. 물의 순환 / 66
2. 탄소순환 / 66
3. 질소순환 / 68
4. 인의 순환 / 71
5. 황의 순환 / 71
6. 에너지 흐름 / 72
▶ 적중문제 ········································································ 74

05 반응속도 ·········································································79
1. 반응속도(Reaction rate) / 79
2. 세포의 비증식속도 / 80
3. 반응조 / 81
▶ 적중문제 ········································································· 84

06 수질오염지표 ····································································88
1. DO(Dissolved Oxygen, 용존산소) / 88
2. BOD(Biochemical Oxygen Demand, 생물화학적 산소요구량) / 89
3. COD(Chemical Oxygen Demand, 화학적 산소요구량) / 92
4. 기타 유기물 표현지수 / 96
5. 부유물질(SS;Suspended Solid) / 97
6. 경도(Hardness) / 98
7. 알칼리도(Alkalinity) / 101
8. 콜로이드(Colloid) / 104
9. 총대장균군 / 105
10. 탁도 / 111
11. 색도 / 112
▶ 적중문제 ·················································································· 113

07 수질생물학 ········································································129
1. 미생물의 분류 / 129
2. 미생물의 종류 / 130
3. 수인성 전염병(water-borne infection) / 133
4. 지표생물 / 135
▶ 적중문제 ··················································································· 136

08 수질환경화학 ·····································································143
1. 용해도 / 143
2. 화학반응 / 145
▶ 적중문제 ··················································································· 147

09 수자원관리 ·········································································151
1. 하천수의 수질관리 / 151
2. 호소수의 수질관리 / 158
3. 해역의 수질관리 / 161
▶ 적중문제 ··················································································· 163


CHAPTER 02 수질오염 방지기술 ······························································ 176
01 폐수처리 계통 ·····································································176
1. 물리 화학 생물학적 처리 / 176
2. 단위공정 기술의 단계별 처리순서 / 178
3. 물환경보전법상 수질오염방지시설 / 178
4. 도시 하수처리 계통도 / 179
▶ 적중문제 ······················································································· 181

02 물리적 처리 ···········································································184
1. 스크리닝(Screening) / 184
2. 침사지 / 185
3. 파쇄장치 / 188
4. 유량조정조 / 188
5. 침전지 / 190
6. 부상조 / 194
7. 여과 / 195
8. 막여과(membrane filtration) / 201
▶적중문제 ·························································································· 205

03 화학적 처리 ·············································································213
1. 화학적 처리(Chemical treatment) / 213
2. 중화법 / 213
3. 화학적 응집침전(Coagulation) / 214
4. 환원처리 / 223
5. 산화법 / 224
6. 흡착 / 227
7. 이온교환(ion exchange) / 232
8. 소독 / 235
9. 염소소독 / 237
10. 기타 소독방법 / 243
▶ 적중문제 ························································································· 255

04 생물학적 처리 ··········································································273
1. 생물학적 처리 / 273
2. 표준활성슬러지법(재래식 활성슬러지법) / 277
3. 활성슬러지 변법 / 286
4. 생물막법 / 296
5. 산화지 / 305
6. 혐기성 처리 / 308
7. 혐기성 반응조의 종류 / 311
8. 슬러지 처리 / 318
▶ 적중문제 ························································································ 326

05 고도처리 ·················································································352
1. 고도처리 / 352
2. 질소 고도처리 / 353
3. 인 고도처리 / 356
4. 질소, 인 동시제거 / 361
▶ 적중문제 ························································································ 365
CHAPTER 03 상하수도 ········································································ 374
01 상수도공학 ··············································································374
1. 기본계획 / 374
2. 수원 및 집수시설 / 376
3. 취수시설 / 377
4. 도수시설(송수시설과 비슷) / 380
5. 정수시설 / 382
6. 송수시설 / 386
7. 배수시설 / 387
8. 급수시설(상수의 급수관 매설심도 일반적으로 60cm 이상) / 389

02 하수도 공학 ·············································································389
1. 기본계획 / 389
2. 관거시설 / 394
3. 펌프장시설 / 398
4. 하수처리시설 / 403
▶ 적중문제 ························································································ 406

CHAPTER 04 공정시험기준 ····································································· 415
1. 총칙 / 415
2. 시료의 채취 및 보존방법 / 417
3. 유량측정방법 / 421
4. 시료의 전처리방법 / 428

CHAPTER 05 수질관련법규 ······································································ 429
1. 환경정책기본법 시행령 / 429
2. 먹는물 수질기준 및 검사 등에 관한 규칙 / 435
3. 지하수의 수질보전 등에 관한 규칙 / 438
4. 물환경보전법 / 439

PART 02 대기 환경
CHAPTER 01 대기오염 개론 ······································································ 453
01 대기오염의 특성 ··········································································453
1. 대기오염의 정의 / 453
2. 대기오염의 원인 / 454
3. 대기오염의 영향인자 / 454

02 대기오염원의 현황 ········································································455
1. 대기오염물질 배출원 / 455
2. 대기오염물질의 분류 / 456

03 입자상 물질 ···················································································457
1. 입자상 물질의 정의와 분류 / 457
2. 입자상 물질의 특징 / 459
3. 인체에 미치는 영향 / 460
▶ 적중문제 ································································································ 461
04 가스상 물질 ····················································································463
1. 황산화물(SOX) / 463
2. 질소산화물(NOX) / 465
3. 이산화탄소(CO2) / 467
4. 일산화탄소(CO) / 468
5. 탄화수소(HC) / 470
6. VOCs(휘발성유기화합물) / 471
7. 다환방향족탄화수소류(PAHs Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons) / 476
8. 광화학 옥시던트(Photochemical Oxidants) / 478
9. 암모니아(NH3) / 479
10. 염소 및 그 화합물 / 480
11. 폼알데하이드(HCHO, CH2O) / 480
12. 벤젠(C6H6) / 481
13. 브로민(Bromine, Br2) / 481
14. 불소 및 그 화합물 / 482
15. 오존(O3) / 482
▶/적중문제 ································································································· 492

05 중금속 및 기타 오염물질 ··································································497
1. 납(Pb) / 497
2. 크롬(Cr) / 497
3. 카드뮴(Cd) / 498
4. 수은(Hg) / 498
5. 비소(As) / 499
6. 기타 오염물질 / 500
7. 라돈(Rn) / 501
8. 석면 / 502
9. 다이옥신(Dioxin) / 503
▶적중문제 ·································································································· 508

06 대기오염사건 ···················································································513
1. 대기오염의 역사 / 513
2. 역사적인 대기오염사건 / 513
3. 런던 스모그와 LA 스모그 비교 / 515
4. 환경 관련 협약 / 516
5. 스모그(smog) / 522
▶적중문제 ··································································································· 527

07 자동차오염 ·······················································································532
1. 자동차 배출가스 / 532
2. 자동차의 AFR에 따른 배출가스 오염물질의 농도 / 534
3. 자동차 연료별 특징 / 534
4. 디젤자동차의 특징 / 536
5. 배출가스 방지기술 / 537
6. 기타 자동차의 종류 / 538
▶ 적중문제 ··································································································· 541

08 실내공기오염 ······················································································543
1. 실내공기오염의 종류 / 543
2. 대표적 실내오염물질 / 544
3. 실내공기질 관리법 / 544
▶ 적중문제 ···································································································· 550

09 미기상학 ·····························································································553
1. 대기층의 구조 / 553
2. 대기의 상태 / 555
3. 대기의 안정도 판정 / 556
4. 기온역전 / 558
5. 역전에 따른 플룸(plume)형태 / 561
6. 장애물에 의한 플룸 형태 / 563
7. 유효굴뚝높이(He) / 564
8. 최대혼합고(MMD Maximun Mixing Depth) / 565
9. 대기오염물질의 분산 / 565
10. 시정거리(가시거리) / 566

10 대기확산모델 ························································································568
1. 대기확산모델 / 568
2. 대기오염모델의 구성 / 568
3. 확산식의 기초(Fick’s 확산법칙) / 569
4. 대기오염모델의 종류 / 570
5. 상자모델 / 571
6. 가우시안(Gaussian) 모델 / 572
7. 3차원 수치모델(통계모델) Lagrangian, Eulerian 모델 등 / 574
8. 기타 모델 / 574
9. 유체모형실험(물리적 모델) / 576
10. 모델의 활용현황 및 개선방향 / 576
11 바람 ·····································································································577
1. 바람에 작용하는 힘 / 577
2. 바람의 종류 / 577
3. 해륙풍과 산곡풍 / 578
▶ 적중문제 ······································································································· 579

CHAPTER 02 연소공학 ·············································································· 590
1. 연소이론 / 590
2. 연료이론 / 594
3. 발열량( , heating value) / 599
4. 연소계산 / 602
5. 연소장치 및 시설 / 606
6. 소각로 / 607
7. 통풍 및 통풍방식 / 611
8. 국소배기시설 / 612
▶ 적중문제 ·········································································································· 618

CHAPTER 03 대기오염방지기술 ·································································· 628
01 집진장치 ····································································································628
1. 집진장치 설계 시 고려인자 / 628
2. 집진장치의 종류 및 특성 / 631
3. 중력집진장치 / 632
4. 관성력 집진장치 / 633
5. 원심력 집진장치(cyclone) / 635
6. 세정집진장치 / 639
7. 여과집진장치(Bag House, Bag Filter) / 644
8. 전기집진장치(Electrostatic Precipitator) / 649
9. 집진장치의 집진효율 / 654
▶ 적중문제 ·········································································································· 656

02 유해가스방지기술 ······················································································665
1. 유해가스 처리기술 / 665
2. 흡수법 / 666
3. 흡착법 / 672
4. 연소법 / 675
5. 황산화물 방지기술 / 676
6. 질소산화물의 제어 / 680
▶ 적중문제 ·········································································································· 686

PART 03 폐기물관리 및 처리기술
CHAPTER 01 폐기물 관리 ·········································································· 13
1. 폐기물의 정의 및 분류 / 13
2. 지정폐기물 / 16
3. 의료폐기물의 종류 / 21
▶ 적중문제 ································································· 22

CHAPTER 02 폐기물 발생··········································································· 27
1. 폐기물의 발생 / 27
2. 폐기물의 성상 / 30
3. 폐기물 발생량 예측방법 / 30
4. 폐기물 발생량 측정방법 / 31
5. 폐기물 발생량 영향인자 / 32
▶ 적중문제 ································································· 33

CHAPTER 03 폐기물의 성상 및 분석 ··························································· 39
1. 폐기물 시료채취 / 39
2. 폐기물의 물리화학적 조성분석 / 42
3. 폐기물발열량 / 43
4. 슬러지 / 45
▶ 적중문제 ································································· 46

CHAPTER 04 폐기물 관리계통······································································ 53
1. 폐기물 처리계통 및 수거 / 53
2. 적환장 설계 및 운전관리 / 57
3. 청소상태 평가방법 / 59
▶ 적중문제 ································································· 61

CHAPTER 05 폐기물 관련정책 및 제도 ························································· 65
1. 폐기물관리정책 / 65
2. 폐기물관리제도 / 70
▶ 적중문제 ································································· 80

CHAPTER 06 폐기물의 자원화 ····································································· 85
1. 자원화 효과 및 저해요소 / 85
2. 자원화 분류 / 85
3. 퇴비화 / 86
4. RDF(Refuse Derived Fuel) / 92
5. 열분해(Pyrolysis) / 94
▶적중문제 ································································· 99

CHAPTER 07 유해폐기물의 중간처리 ··························································· 110
1. 압축 / 110
2. 파쇄 / 111
3. 선별 / 115
4. 소각 / 123
5. 안정화 및 고형화 / 127
▶ 적중문제 ································································ 131

CHAPTER 08 폐기물의 최종처리 ································································· 144
1. 매립지 선정 / 144
2. 매립방법의 분류 / 146
3. 매립방법에 따른 분류 및 특징 / 146
4. 매립구조에 따른 분류 및 특징 / 148
5. 매립공법에 따른 분류 및 특징 / 151
6. 폐기물 종류에 의한 분류 / 155
7. 매립으로 인한 환경변화 / 155
8. 침출수 / 160
9. 매립지 안정화 / 162
10. 매립의 장단점 / 163
11. 매립지의 주요 구조물 및 시설 / 163 12. 복토 / 167
▶ 적중문제 ································································ 168

CHAPTER 09 폐기물 관련 법규 ··································································· 189
1. 총칙 / 189
2. 폐기물 처리에 관한 구체적 기준 및 방법 / 196
3. 폐기물 처분시설 또는 재활용시설의 설치기준 / 215
▶ 적중문제 ································································ 230

PART 04 토양 환경과 지하수 오염
CHAPTER 01 토양 환경 ·············································································· 235
01 토양 오염 ·······················································235
1. 토양의 구조 및 성분 / 235
2. 토양 부식물질(Humic Substance) / 239

02 토양의 특성 ·····················································242
1. 토양 내 무기물질 / 242
2. 양이온교환용량(CEC Cation Exchange Capacity) / 243
3. 염기포화도 / 244
4. 산화환원전위(ORP) / 245
5. 토양 공극률(Porosity, %) / 245
6. 토양수분 / 246
7. 토양공기 / 247
8. 토양의 생성작용 / 247
9. 점토광물 / 248

03 토양오염 ························································252
1. 토양오염 / 252
2. 토양오염 관련법규 / 255

04 토양오염 처리대책 및 기술 ·········································262
1. 토양의 복원처리 / 262
2. 복원기술의 분류 / 263
3. 물리 화학적 복원기술 / 266
4. 생물학적 복원기술 / 274
5. 열적 복원기술 / 285
6. 토양오염복원기술의 정리 / 291

CHAPTER 02 지하수 오염 ·········································································· 300
01 지하수 개요 ·····················································300
1. 지하수의 구조 / 300
2. 수리지질 특성 인자 / 301
3. 지하수 유동 / 303
4. 지하수 오염물질(NAPL Non Aqueous Phase Liquid) / 305

02 지하수 복원기술 ··················································306
1. 양수처리법(Pump and Treat Technology) / 306
2. 공기분사법(Air-sparging) / 307
3. 슬러리월 공법[Slurry wall, 수직차단벽법(Vertical barriers)] / 309
4. 투수성 반응벽체 공법(permeable reactive barrier PRB) / 309
5. Bioreactors / 310
6. 공기탈기법(Air-stripping) / 311
7. 생물학적 정화(Bioremediation) / 311
8. 바이오슬러핑(Bioslurping) / 311
9. 자외선 산화 / 312
10. Extraction well 공법 / 312
11. Collection trench 공법 / 312
▶ 적중문제 ································································ 313

PART 05 소음 진동
CHAPTER 01 소음학 개론 ·········································································· 335
1. 소음의 물리적 성질 / 335
2. 소리의 성질 / 341
3. 소음관련법칙 / 346
4. 음의 크기에 영향을 주는 물리량 / 347
5. 소음의 크기 표현 / 348
6. 감각적 음의 크기 / 350
7. 소음계의 구조 / 355
8. 음(소음)의 발생과 특성 / 356
9. 소음의 거리감쇠 / 358
10. 청각의 전달경로 및 귀의 구조별 역할 / 361
11. 소음의 계산 / 362
▶ 적중문제 ································································ 363

CHAPTER 02 소음대책 ··············································································· 381
1. 음의 분류 / 381
2. 음의 3요소 / 382
3. 소음공해 / 385
4. 소음의 평가 / 389
5. 소음방지 / 395
▶ 적중문제 ································································ 403

CHAPTER 03 진동학 개론 ··········································································· 415
1. 진동의 물리적 성질 / 415
2. 공해진동의 크기 표현 / 416
3. 진동측정기기 / 418
4. 진동의 종류 / 420
5. 강제진동의 발생원인 / 422
6. 진동의 영향 및 피해 / 423
▶ 적중문제 ································································ 425

CHAPTER 04 방진대책 ··············································································· 431
1. 방진(Vivration Control) / 431
2. 진동방지 대책 / 432
3. 진동방지계획 및 진행방법 / 435
4. 방진재 / 435
5. 방진설계 / 438
▶ 적중문제 ································································ 440

CHAPTER 05 용어정리 ··············································································· 448
1. 소음 용어 / 448
2. 진동 용어 / 449

PART 부록 환경관계 법규

CHAPTER 01 환경정책기본법 ····································································· 453

CHAPTER 02 수질관련 법규 ······································································· 461
1. 물환경보전법 / 461
2. 지하수의 수질보전 등에 관한 규칙 / 483
3. 먹는물 수질기준 / 484

CHAPTER 03 대기관련 법규 ········································································ 487

CHAPTER 04 폐기물관련 법규 ····································································· 493
폐기물관리법 / 493

CHAPTER 05 소음·진동관련 법규 ································································· 495

·참고자료 / 505