ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. 2

DECLARATION.. 2

ABSTRACT.. 5

Chapter 1: MENA Regional Context ? Impact of Climate Change. 5

1.1 Background and Geographical Context ? Urban Risk Profile. 5

1.2 Climate Change ? Mitigation and Adaptation. 5

1.3 Climate Change and Human Security. 5

Chapter 2: Drivers of Climate Risk ? Vulnerabilities. 5

2.1 Urbanisation of Poverty. 5

2.2 Decentralisation and Urban Governance. 5

2.3 Fragility and Political Instability. 5

Chapter 3: Urban Resilience ? Conceptual Framework. 5

3.1 Definition of Resilience. 5

3.2 Resilience of What and to What? 5

3.3 Dynamics of Resilience (Exposure, Risk, and Vulnerability) 5

Chapter 4: Measuring Urban Resilience. 5

4.1 Assessments of Urban Resilience. 5

4.2 Measuring Urban Resilience. 5

4.3 Building Urban Resilience. 5

4.4 Measures of Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation. 5

Chapter 5: Monitoring Urban Resilience. 6

5.1 Data: Multi Hazard Early Warning Systems (MHEWS) and Climate Information. 6

5.2 Urban Resilience Governance: Disaster Risk Reduction Policies and Local Capacities. 6

5.3 Decision-Making: Urban Resilience Action Planning (U-RAP) and Policy Formulation. 6

Chapter 6: Adaptation to Climate Change ? Financing Urban Resilience. 6

6.1 The Gap in Financing for Urban Resilience and Climate Change Adaptation (CCA). 6

6.2 Assessments of Climate Risk and Fiscal Risk Management 6

6.3 Adaptive, Absorptive and Transformative Capacity Building. 6

Chapter 7: Urban Resilience Governance ? Key Stakeholders in Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) and Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) 6

7.1 Definition of Key Stakeholders ? Characteristics, Roles, and Responsibilities. 6

7.2 Mapping DRR and CCA Key Stakeholders. 6

7.3 Dynamics of Key Stakeholder Engagement 6

Chapter 8: Urban Resilience ? Opportunities and Constraints for Adaptation to Climate Change. 6

8.1 Monitoring Protracted Displacement 6

8.2 Protracted Displacement in the MENA Region. 6

8.3 Property Rights ? Land Tenure. 6

8.4 Displacement Durable Solutions 6

Chapter 9: Way Forward ? From COP27 to COP28. 7

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9.1 The 27th Session of the Conference of the Parties (COP27) ? Historical Overview of Global Targets and Commitments. 7

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9.2 MENA Region ? Climate Change Mitigation, Adaptation, and Financing. 7

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9.3 Policy Recommendations and Actions ? COP28. 7

Index