제 1 부 기업과 사회의 이해

제1장 기업의 개념
제 1절 기업의 본질 / 22
1. 기업의 의의와 특성 / 22
1 ) 기 업 의 정 의 ················································································· 22
2 ) 기 업 의 특 성 ················································································· 22
2. 기업의 기능과 역할 / 24
1 ) 기 업 의 기 능 ················································································· 24
2 ) 기 업 의 역 할 ················································································· 26
제 2절 기업과 경제활동 / 29
1. 경제활동의 주체 / 29
1 ) 경 제 활 동 의 이 해 ·········································································· 29
2 ) 경 제 활 동 의 주 체 와 경 제 순 환 ······················································· 30
3 ) 재 화 의 생 산 요 소 ·········································································· 32
2. 기업과 경제 / 33
1 ) 경 제 체 제 ······················································································ 33
2 ) 거 시 경 제 와 미 시 경 제 ··································································· 35
3 ) 시 장 의 유 형 ················································································· 36
제 3절 기업경영의 본질 / 37
1. 기업경영의 본질 / 37
1 ) 이 윤 창 출 ····················································································· 38
2 ) 고 객 만 족 경 영 ··············································································· 38
3 ) 자 원 의 최 적 화 ·············································································· 39
4 ) 기 업 환 경 과 의 상 호 작 용 ······························································· 41
5 ) 기 업 의 목 표 와 사 회 의 목 표 를 달 성 ·············································· 416
2. 기업과 조직 / 42
1) 조직의 개념 ·············································································· 42
2) 기업 시스템의 진화 ·································································· 43
3. 기업의 생존 부등식 / 46
1) 기업의 생존 의미 ····································································· 46
2) 기업의 생존 부등식 ·································································· 46
3) 가치 · 가격 · 비 용 의 관 계 ························································ 4 8
제2장 기업의 목적
제1절 기업 목적의 이해 / 50
1. 기업 목적의 개념 / 50
1) 기업 목적의 의의 ····································································· 50
2) 기업 목적의 기능 ····································································· 51
2. 기업 목적의 변화 / 54
제2절 기업의 목적론 / 55
1. 기업의 단일목적론 / 55
1) 이익 목적론 ·············································································· 56
2) 존속 목적론 ·············································································· 57
3) 봉사 목적론 ·············································································· 58
2. 기업의 다원 목적론 / 58
1) 성장목적론 ··············································································· 59
2) 균형 목적론 ·············································································· 59
3) 영리 경영목적론 ······································································ 59
제3장 사회의 개념
제1절 사회의 의의 / 62
1. 사회의 정의 / 627
1 ) 개 체 적 개 념 ················································································· 63
2 ) 전 체 적 개 념 ················································································· 64
2. 사회의 유형과 특징 / 64
1 ) 고 대 사 회 의 특 징 ········································································· 64
2 ) 근 세 이 후 의 사 회 와 특 징 ····························································· 65
3 ) 현 대 사 회 의 특 징 ········································································· 67
제 2절 사회의 변화와 생존 수단 / 68
1. 사회의 변화 / 68
1 ) 경 제 발 전 의 변 화 ·········································································· 69
2) 사회 · 문 화 적 변 화 ······································································ 70
3 ) 정 치 체 제 의 변 화 ·········································································· 71
4 ) 과 학 기 술 의 변 화 ·········································································· 72
5) 자연 · 환 경 의 변 화 ······································································ 72
2. 사회변화에 따른 생존 수단 / 73
제 3절 사회이데올로기와 세계화 / 76
1. 사회 이데올로기의 개념 / 76
2. 사회 이데올로기의 체제 / 77
1 ) 자 본 주 의 체 제 ·············································································· 77
2 ) 다 원 주 의 체 제 ·············································································· 82
3. 세계화 / 84
1 ) 세 계 화 의 배 경 과 개 념 ·································································· 84
2 ) 세 계 화 의 영 향 ·············································································· 87
제4장 기업과 사회의 상호작용
제 1절 기업과 사회의 학문적 배경과 연구목적 / 90
1. 학문적 연구 배경 / 90
2. 기업과 사회의 연구 목적 / 918
1) 기업과 사회 목적의 균형 ························································· 92
2) 기업의 역할을 사회가 수용 ······················································ 92
3) 사회의 역할을 기업이 수용 ······················································ 93
4) 경영자의 능력 향상 ·································································· 93
5) 사회환경변화에 대응하는 능력 향상 ········································ 93
6) ESG 경영의 실천으로 사회발전에 공헌 ··································· 94
제2절 기업과 사회의 상호작용 이해 / 95
1. 상호관계와 상호작용 / 97
2. 기업과 사회의 작용 관점 / 98
1) 시스템적 관계 ·········································································· 99
2) 동등한 상호관계 ······································································ 99
제3절 기업에 대한 사회적 기대와 이슈 / 100
1. 기업에 대한 사회적 기대 / 100
1) 사회적 기대의 의의 ································································ 1 0 0
2) 사회적 기대에 대한 관점과 유형 ··········································· 1 0 1
2. 기업의 사회적 이슈 / 105
1) 사회적 이슈의 개념 ································································ 1 0 5
2) 이슈 발생의 원인 ···································································106
3) 사회적 이슈의 라이프 사이클 ················································ 1 0 6
3. 사회적 기대와 이슈에 대한 해결방안 / 108
1) 기업과 사회의 합리성 이해 ···················································· 1 0 9
2) 기업과 사회의 협력 ································································ 1 1 0
제4절 기업의 사회적 권력과 정당성 / 111
1. 기업 권력의 이해 / 111
1) 기업 권력의 개념 ···································································111
2) 기업 권력의 구분 ···································································112
2. 기업의 사회적 정당성 / 117
1) 사회적 정당성의 의의 ···························································· 1 1 7
2) 기업의 정당성 확보 ································································ 1 1 89

제 2 부 기업의 설립과 성장

제5장 기업가정신과 경영
제 1절 기업가정신과 창업 / 124
1. 기업가와 기업가정신 / 124
1 ) 기 업 가 의 개 념 ··········································································· 1 2 4
2 ) 기 업 가 정 신 ················································································ 1 2 4
2. 기업의 창업 / 125
1 ) 창 업 의 개 념 ··············································································· 1 2 5
2 ) 창 업 의 3 요 소 ············································································· 1 2 6
3 ) 기 업 의 창 업 과 정 ······································································· 1 2 7
제 2절 기업의 형태 / 134
1. 기업의 분류 / 135
2. 사기업 / 136
1 ) 개 인 기 업 ···················································································· 1 3 6
2 ) 공 동 기 업 ···················································································· 1 3 7
3. 공기업과 공사공동기업 / 139
1 ) 공 기 업 ······················································································· 1 3 9
2 ) 공 사 공 동 기 업 ············································································· 1 4 0
제 3절 경영과 경영자 / 140
1. 경영의 개념 / 141
1 ) 경 영 의 정 의 ··············································································· 1 4 1
2 ) 경 영 의 기 능 ··············································································· 1 4 1
2. 경영이념과 경영목표 / 143
1 ) 경 영 이 념 ···················································································· 1 4 3
2 ) 경 영 목 표 ··················································································· 1 4 410
3. 경영의 원칙 / 144
1) 경영의 3대 원칙 ···································································· 1 4 4
2) 효율성과 효과성 ···································································· 1 4 6
4. 경영 마인드 / 147
1) 경영 마인드의 의미 ································································ 1 4 7
2) 경영 마인드의 내용 ································································ 1 4 7
제4절 경영자의 유형 · 역할 · 책임 / 151
1. 경영자의 의의와 유형 / 151
1) 경영자의 의의 ········································································ 1 5 1
2) 경영자의 유형 ········································································ 1 5 2
2. 경영자의 역할과 자질 / 155
1) 경영자의 역할 ········································································ 1 5 5
2) 경영자의 자질 ········································································ 1 5 7
3. 경영자의 책임 / 158
1) 내부 책임 ··············································································· 1 5 9
2) 외부 책임 ··············································································· 1 5 9
제6장 기업의 성장과 집중
제1절 기업의 성장 / 162
1. 기업성장의 의의 / 162
2. 기업성장의 유형 / 162
1) 기업의 다각화 ········································································ 1 6 2
2) 기업의 계열화 ········································································ 1 6 4
3) 기업의 M&A(인수 · 합 병 ) ····················································· 1 6 6
제2절 기업의 집중 / 172
1. 기업집중의 개념 / 172
1) 기업집중의 의의 ···································································· 1 7 211
2 ) 기 업 집 중 의 목 적 ········································································ 1 7 2
2. 기업집중의 형태 / 173
1 ) 카 르 텔 ······················································································· 1 7 3
2 ) 트 러 스 트 ···················································································· 1 7 4
3 ) 콘 체 른 ······················································································· 1 7 6
3. 기업집중의 규제 / 179

제 3 부 기업환경과 이해자집단

제7장 기업의 경영환경
제 1절 기업환경의 개념 / 184
1. 기업환경의 이해 / 184
1 ) 기 업 환 경 의 의 미 ········································································ 1 8 4
2 ) 기 업 환 경 의 중 요 성 과 주 체 ························································ 1 8 5
제 2절 기업환경의 영역 / 186
1. 기업의 외부환경 / 187
1 ) 외 부 환 경 의 의 미 ········································································ 1 8 7
2 ) 기 업 의 외 부 환 경 요 인 ································································ 1 8 7
2. 기업의 내부환경 / 191
1 ) 내 부 환 경 의 의 미 ········································································ 1 9 1
2 ) 기 업 의 내 부 환 경 요 인 ································································ 1 9 2
제 3절 4차산업혁명과 기업환경 / 195
1. 인공지능 / 196
2. 사물인터넷 / 200
3. 3D 프린팅 / 20212
4. 빅데이터 / 203
5. 로봇 / 205
6. 가상현실 / 206
제8장 기업과 이해관계자 집단
제1절 이해관계자의 이해 / 210
1. 이해관계자의 개념 / 210
2. 이해관계자의 역할과 중요성 / 210
1) 자금제공의 이해관계자 ·························································· 2 1 1
2) 노동력 제공의 이해관계자 ····················································· 2 1 2
3) 소비활동의 이해관계자 ·························································· 2 1 2
4) 원자재제공의 이해관계자 ······················································ 2 1 3
5) 정책제공의 이해관계자 ·························································· 2 1 3
6) 경쟁자와 언론매체의 이해관계자 ··········································214
3. 이해관계자의 기능 / 215
1) 공공성 ···················································································· 2 1 5
2) 혁신성 ···················································································· 2 1 7
3) 성장성 ···················································································· 2 1 8
제2절 이해관계자의 구분 / 219
1. 이해관계의 성격에 의한 구분 / 219
2. 이해관계의 영향력에 의한 구분 / 220
3. 경영자와의 이해관계 / 221
1) 경영자와 기업의 관계 ···························································· 2 2 1
2) 경영자와 이해관계자의 관계 ················································· 2 2 2
3) 기업과 이해관계자의 관계 ····················································· 2 2 213
제9장 기업과 소비자의 관계
제 1절 기업과 소비자의 관계 정립 / 224
1. 기업과 소비자 관계의 개념 / 224
2. 기업과 소비자 관계의 변화 / 225
1 ) 생 산 자 중 시 시 대 ······································································· 2 2 6
2 ) 소 비 자 중 시 시 대 ······································································· 2 2 6
3 ) 판 매 자 중 시 시 대 ······································································· 2 2 7
3. 기업의 소비자 지향점 / 228
1 ) 명 확 한 생 산 목 표 ······································································· 2 2 8
2 ) 효 용 가 치 의 극 대 화 ···································································· 2 2 8
3 ) 신 속 한 서 비 스 ··········································································· 2 2 9
4 ) 정 확 한 제 품 정 보 의 제 공 ···························································· 2 2 9
제 2절 기업과 소비자 관계의 이슈 / 230
1. 정보와 관련된 이슈 / 230
1 ) 정 보 의 구 분 ··············································································· 2 3 1
2 ) 과 장 된 정 보 의 이 슈 ··································································· 2 3 3
2. 제품과 관련된 이슈 / 234
1 ) 제 품 성 능 의 이 슈 ······································································· 2 3 5
2 ) 제 품 안 전 의 이 슈 ······································································· 2 3 5
3 ) 제 품 진 부 화 의 이 슈 ··································································· 2 3 8
3. 가격과 관련된 이슈 / 238
4. 판매 활동과 관련된 이슈 / 241
1 ) 개 인 을 대 상 으 로 한 강 매 행 위 ··················································· 2 4 1
2 ) 업 체 를 대 상 으 로 한 강 매 행 위 ··················································· 2 4 2
5. 서비스와 관련된 이슈 / 24214

제4부 ESG경영

제10 장 기업의 친환경 경영
제 1절 환경의 인식변화 / 248
1. 국제 환경규제의 강화추세 / 248
2. 국내기업의 환경 인식변화 / 250
제 2절 환경 피해의 유형과 관리방안 / 251
1. 환경 피해의 유형 / 251
1 ) 환 경 의 구 분 ············································································· 2 5 1
2 ) 환 경 피 해 의 유 형 ···································································· 2 5 1
2. 공해관리 방안 / 255
제3절 친환경 경영의 구축 / 257
1. 친환경 경영활동의 요구 / 257
1) 친환경적인 생산활동 ····························································· 2 5 7
2) 각 단계별 환경친화적 활동 ···················································· 2 5 8
2. 친환경 경영의 정착 / 261
3. 친환경 경영의 실천 방안 / 263
1) 환경을 보호하고자 하는 기업문화의 조성 ·····························263
2) 친환경 경영의 실천 ································································ 2 6 3
3) 친환경 경영을 위한 조직의 신설 ··········································· 2 6 4
4) 환경평가제도의 도입 ····························································· 2 6 4
5) 그린마케팅의 홍보 ·································································265
제11장 기업의 사회적 책임
제1절 사회적 책임의 이해 / 268
1. 기업의 사회적 책임의 의의 / 26815
1 ) 기 업 의 사 회 적 책 임 의 정 의 ······················································· 2 6 8
2 ) 기 업의 사 회적 책 임의 등 장과 과 제 ···········································269
2. 사회적 책임에 대한 두 가지 이론 / 270
1 ) 부 정 론 ······················································································· 2 7 0
2 ) 긍 정 론 ······················································································· 2 7 1
제 2절 사회적 책임의 모델과 범위 / 272
1. 기업의 사회적 책임 모델 / 272
1 ) 전 통 적 기 업 의 사 회 적 책 임 ······················································· 2 7 3
2 ) 모 체 적 기 업 ··············································································· 2 7 4
3 ) 중 도 적 기 업 ··············································································· 2 7 4
2. 사회적 책임의 범위와 내용 / 276
제 3절 사회공헌활동과 사회적 기업 / 279
1. 기업의 사회공헌활동 / 279
1 ) 사 회 공 헌 활 동 의 출 현 ································································· 2 7 9
2 ) 사 회 공 헌 활 동 의 중 요 성 과 기 대 ················································· 2 8 0
3 ) 사 회 공 헌 활 동 의 유 형 ································································· 2 8 2
2. 사회적 기업 / 283
1 ) 사 회 적 기 업 의 개 념 ··································································· 2 8 3
2 ) 사 회 적 기 업 의 유 형 ··································································· 2 8 3
제12장 기업의 윤리경영
제 1절 기업윤리의 개념 / 286
1. 기업윤리의 정의 / 286
2. 윤리경영이 중요하게 대두되는 이유 / 288
3. 윤리경영과 이익과의 관계 / 289
제 2절 기업윤리의 수준 / 291
1. 기업윤리 수준의 변화 / 29116
2. 윤리프로그램의 운영 / 293
3. 기업의 윤리기준 설정 / 293
제3절 윤리경영에 영향을 미치는 요소 / 294

제 5 부 기업과 경영 제13장 기업의 경영관리

제1절 경영관리의 개념 / 302
1. 경영관리의 의의 / 302
2. 경영관리 과정의 요소 / 303
3. AI와 경영관리과정 / 305
제2절 계획화 / 306
1. 계획화의 의의 / 306
1) 계획화의 정의 ········································································ 3 0 6
2) 경영계획의 유형 ···································································· 3 0 6
2. 경영계획의 수립 과정 및 원칙 / 307
1) 경영계획의 수립 과정 ···························································· 3 0 7
2) 경영계획 수립의 원칙 ···························································· 3 0 8
제3절 조직화 / 309
1. 경영조직의 의의 / 309
1) 조직화의 정의 ········································································ 3 0 9
2) 조직화의 역할 ········································································ 3 0 9
2. 조직화의 요소와 원칙 / 310
1) 조직화의 요소 ········································································ 3 1 0
2) 경영조직 운영의 일반원칙 ····················································· 3 1 0
3. 경영조직의 유형 / 31217
1 ) 경 영 조 직 의 기 본 형 태 ································································ 3 1 2
2 ) 권 한 배 분 형 태 에 따 른 구 분 ······················································ 3 1 2
3 ) 목 표 달 성 여 부 에 의 한 분 류 ······················································ 3 1 3
4 ) 여 러 가 지 다 양 한 경 영 조 직 ······················································· 3 1 3
제 4절 경영지휘 / 315
1. 경영지휘의 정의와 원칙 / 315
1 ) 경 영 지 휘 의 정 의 ········································································ 3 1 5
2 ) 경 영 지 휘 의 원 칙 ········································································ 3 1 5
2. 경영지휘의 구성요소 / 316
1 ) 동 기 부 여 ···················································································· 3 1 6
2 ) 리 더 십 ······················································································· 3 1 7
3 ) 의 사 소 통 ···················································································· 3 2 0
제 5절 경영통제 / 321
1. 경영통제의 개념 / 321
1 ) 경 영 통 제 의 의 의 ········································································ 3 2 1
2 ) 경 영 통 제 의 유 형 ········································································ 3 2 1
2. 경영통제의 절차 및 기법 / 322
1 ) 경 영 통 제 의 절 차 ········································································ 3 2 2
2 ) 통 제 의 기 법 ··············································································· 3 2 3
제14장 기업의 기능별 관리
제 1절 인적자원관리 / 328
1. 인적자원관리의 개념 / 329
2. 인적자원관리 활동의 내용 / 329
제 2절 재무관리 / 334
1. 재무관리의 개념 / 33418
1) 재무관리의 의의 ···································································· 3 3 4
2) 재무관리의 목표 ···································································· 3 3 4
2. 재무관리의 업무내용 / 336
1) 자본의 조달 ··········································································· 3 3 6
2) 자본의 운용 ··········································································· 3 3 8
3. 재무관리의 활동 평가 / 339
1) 재무분석과 재무제표 ····························································· 3 3 9
2) 재무분석 지표 ········································································ 3 4 0
제3절 생산(운영)관리 / 343
1. 생산(운영)관리의 개념 / 343
1) 생산(운영)활동 ······································································· 3 4 4
2) 생산성 ···················································································· 3 4 4
3) 생산시스템 ············································································· 3 4 5
4) 생산(운영)관리의 목표 ··························································· 3 4 7
2. 생산활동의 의사결정 문제 / 348
1) 생산시스템의 장기적 · 전 략적 의 사결정 문제 ······················· 3 49
2) 생산시스템의 단기적 · 전 술적 의 사결정 문제 ······················· 3 51
제4절 마케팅관리 / 353
1. 마케팅관리의 의의 / 353
1) 마케팅관리의 정의 ·································································353
2) 마케팅 계획의 수립 과정 ······················································· 3 5 4
2. 마케팅믹스 / 355
1) 4P믹스전략 ············································································ 3 5 6
2) 4C믹스전략 ··········································································· 3 5 9
3. 여러 가지 마케팅 방법 / 361
참고문헌 / 367
찾아보기 / 369