머리말 ················································································································3
서 론 ················································································································11

제1장 과학의 본성과 속성 ···················································································17
1. 과학의 정의 ···································································································17
2. 과학의 가치 ···································································································19
3. 과학의 목적 ···································································································21
1) 기술 ·············································································································23
2) 설명 ·············································································································24
3) 이해 ·············································································································24
4) 예상 ·············································································································25
5) 통제 ·············································································································26
4. 과학의 영역과 대상 ························································································27
1) 순수/기초과학 ································································································28
2) 응용과학 ·······································································································29
3) 과학기술 ·······································································································30
5. 과학에 대한 오인과 한계 ·················································································31
ㆍ생각 정리하기 ··································································································34
ㆍ생각 나누기 ·····································································································35

제2장 과학의 분야별 역사와 발달 ·········································································37
1. 물리학의 발달과 특성 ······················································································37
2. 화학의 발달과 특성 ·························································································41
3. 생명과학의 발달과 특성 ···················································································43
4. 지구과학의 발달과 특성 ···················································································45
5. 통합과학/융합과학의 특성 ················································································47
ㆍ생각 정리하기 ··································································································49
ㆍ생각 나누기 ·····································································································50

제3장 과학철학과 과학의 발달 모형 ······································································51
1. 경험주의와 귀납적 추리 ··················································································53
1) 경험주의의 형성과 발달 ··················································································54
2) 귀납적 추리 방법의 특성과 한계 ······································································55
3) 유비추리와 실용성 ··························································································58
2. 합리주의와 연역적 추리 ··················································································59
1) 이성주의의 형성과 발달 ··················································································59
2) 연역적 추리 방법의 특성 ·················································································61
3) 이성주의의 문제와 한계 ··················································································63
3. 실증주의와 가설-연역적 추리 ··········································································64
1) 실증주의의 형성과 발달 ··················································································64
2) 조작주의와 조작적 정의 ··················································································67
3) 환원주의와 과학의 통일 ··················································································68
4) 가설-연역적 추리 ···························································································71
4. 반증주의와 귀추적 추리 ··················································································73
1) 반증주의의 형성과 특성 ··················································································74
2) 반증주의와 반증가능성 ····················································································75
3) 과학적 방법으로서의 귀추적 추리 방법 ·····························································76
4) 반증주의의 문제와 한계 ··················································································78
5. 반논리실증주의와 본체의 존재 논증 ··································································79
1) 실재론의 정의와 대두 배경 ··············································································80
2) 과학적 실재론 ································································································83
3) 비판적 실재론 ································································································86
6. 후실증주의와 사회적 합의 ················································································87
1) 쿤의 패러다임과 과학혁명 ················································································88
2) 라카토스의 연구프로그램과 과학의 분화 ·····························································91
3) 라우든의 연구전통과 과학의 점진적 발달 ···························································94
4) 구성주의와 사회적 합의를 통한 과학지식의 구성 ················································97
5) 과학사회학과 과학지식사회학 ···········································································98
7. 과학지식의 검증과 진리의 판단 ········································································99
1) 일치설 ·········································································································100
2) 정합설 ·········································································································100
3) 실용설 ·········································································································101
4) 실증론과 반증론 ····························································································101
5) 사회적 합의 ··································································································102
ㆍ생각 정리하기 ·································································································103
ㆍ생각 나누기 ····································································································104

제4장 과학적 방법과 과학지식 ············································································105
1. 과학적 사고와 사고실험 ·················································································105
1) 논리적 사고와 비판적 사고 ············································································107
2) 창의적 사고 ·································································································108
3) 사고실험 ······································································································110
2. 과학적 방법의 발달과 다양성 ··········································································111
1) 과학적 방법의 발달과 한계 ·············································································112
2) 실험적-귀납적 방법의 발달과 한계 ··································································114
3) 수학적-실험적 방법과 수학적-연역적 방법 그리고 물리적-수학적 연역법의 발달과 한계 ·······························································116
3. 과학적 탐구 과정과 활동 ················································································118
1) 기초 탐구 과정 ·····························································································119
2) 통합 탐구 과정 ·····························································································124
3) 탐구 활동 ·····································································································129
4. 과학지식의 구성과 가변적 특성 ·······································································134
1) 과학적 사실과 진실 ·······················································································135
2) 과학적 개념의 실체와 본질 ·············································································137
3) 과학적 법칙과 일반화의 사실과 진실 ·······························································138
4) 과학적 이론의 진리와 진상 ·············································································140
5) 잠정적 법칙과 이론으로서 과학적 가설 ····························································142
ㆍ생각 정리하기 ·································································································144
ㆍ생각 나누기 ····································································································145

제5장 과학 및 과학기술과 사회 ···········································································147
1. 과학ㆍ과학기술ㆍ사회의 상호관계와 영향 ··························································148
1) STS의 정의와 과학관 ·····················································································148
2) 과학과 과학기술의 관계 ··················································································149
3) 과학ㆍ과학기술ㆍ사회의 관계와 상호작용 ··························································151
2. 과학자의 일과 사회적 역할 ··············································································152
1) 과학자란? ······································································································152
2) 과학자가 하는 일과 역할 ·················································································154
3) 과학자의 의무와 책임 ······················································································155
3. 과학 및 과학기술 윤리 ·····················································································157
1) 윤리학과 생명윤리 ··························································································158
2) 과학지식과 과학기술의 응용 관련 윤리적 문제 ···················································158
3) 과학적 연구 관련 윤리적 문제 ··········································································160
4) 과학적 연구 결과 발표 관련 윤리적 문제 ···························································161
4. 과학과 종교의 관계 ·························································································162
1) 자연철학 속의 종교와 과학 ··············································································163
2) 종교와 과학의 차이 ·························································································164
3) 종교와 과학의 관계 모형 ··················································································167
4) 현대사회에서 종교와 과학 ················································································171
ㆍ생각 정리하기 ···································································································174
ㆍ생각 나누기 ·····································································································175

찾아보기 ············································································································176